state the theory, state the expectations about what we should observe in the case (if the th is valid, what we should see if its false), explore the case looking for congruence or incongruity between expactation and observation
investigator explored paired observations in two or more cases asking if values on the pairs are congruent or incongruent with the theory's predictions. atheory passes if the DV are higher than in case A than B.
two principal ways Controlled Comparisons are carried out
the investigator explores the case looking for congruence or incongruence between values observed on the dependent or independent variable and values predicted by the test hypothesis
two principal ways Congruence Procedures are carried out
the investigator explores the chain of events or the decision making process by which initial case conditions are translated into outcomes. The cause-effect link is unwrapped and divided into smaller steps, then the investigator looks for observable evide
