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Pytanie Odpowiedź
palność
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combustibility
(n.) Ability to catch fire easily
Dry leaves have high combustibility
tytaniczny
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titanic
(adj.) Huge or powerful
The titanic waves surprised the surfers
dyskrecja
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discretion
(n.) Being quiet or careful in what you say or do
Not wanting her patient to get overly anxious, the doctor used discretion in deciding how much to tell the patient about his condition
przyrost
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increment
(n.) A growth or increase
The workmen made the wall longer, increment by increment
wypukły
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protuberant
(adj.) Thrusting out from a surrounding or adjacent surface often as a rounded mass
It has protuberant eyes and a long narrow body
nonszalancki
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nonchalant
(adj.) Having a lack of concern, indifference
Although deep down she was very angry, Marsha acted in a nonchalant manner when she found out that her best friend had used her clothing without asking
lekceważenie
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disregard
(v.) To ignore or pay no attention to
He disregarded the warning sings
cud
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prodigy
(n.) A very talented young person
The child prodigy played piano beautiful
uroczysta
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solemnise
(v.) To celebrate with a formal ceremony
They solemnised their marriage with a grand ceremony
skorupiak
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crustacean
(v.) Related to animals like lobsters and crabs
We saw a crustacean walking on the beach
prostownik
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extensor
(n.) A muscle that strenghtens a body part
Lifting weights strenghtens a body part
dezynfekować
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disinfect
(v.) To clean by killing germs
He used soap to disinfect his hands
dystych
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distich
(n.) A pair of similar items
The poem has a beautiful distich
wyważyć
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jimmy
(v.) To open something with force
He jimmied the door open quickly
nastąpił
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occur
(v.) Exist or be found to be present in a place or under a particular set of conditions
The accident occured at about 3.30 p.m.
zmarły
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deceased
(adj.) A person who has recently died
The deceased shot her mother before killing herself
opłakany
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deplorable
(adj.) Very bad
They are forced to live in deplorable conditions
obfity
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abundant
(adj.) More than enough
Balochistan is the largest province in Pakistan and the most abundant in natural resources, yet it remains the least developed
potężny atak
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onslaught
(n.) A very powerful attack
It is unlikely that his forces could withstand an enemy onslaught for very long
ostracyzm
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ostracism
(n.) Exclusion from a group
Tom risked ostracism if his roommates discovered his flatulence
dogmat
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tenet
(n.) A principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy
The tenets of a democratic society
pewny siebie
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confident
(adj.) Feeling sure about oneself or something
He was confident he'd win the race
przenikać
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penetrate
(v.) To go inside or through something
The sun's rays penetrate something
przebiegły
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shrewd
(adj.) Clever at understanding and using situations
She made a shrewd investment early on
roślinożerny
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herbivorous
(adj.) Eats plants, not meat
Cows are herbivorous animals
donkiszotowski
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quixotic
(adj.) Being idealistic in an impractical way
His quixotic quest for the city's best burger continued
zgodny
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consonant
(adj.) In agreement or harmony with
The findings are consonant or harmony with
uścisk dłoni
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handclasp
(n.) A friendly handshake
The sealed the deal with a handclasp
złowrogi
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malevolent
(adj.) Causing or wanting to cause harm or evil
The central character is malevolent witch out for revenge
przegadany
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verbose
(adj.) Using or expressed in more words than are needed
The introduction is rather hard going, being extremely verbose
obalić
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refute
(v.) To say or prove that a person, statement, opinion, etc. is wrong
However, the results from cross-national analysis are useful for validating or refuting some of the controversial theoretical issues discussed in the literature
długotrwałe
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long-lasting
(adj.) Continuing for a long period of time
The respondents shared deep concerns about the long-lasting polluting effects caused by deforestation, industry, vehicles and the use of chemical inputs in agriculture
wydłużać
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prolong
(v.) To make something last longer time
We were having such a good time that we decided to prolong our stay by another week
upierać się
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persist
(v.) To try to do or continue doing something in a determined but often unreasonable way
If he persists in asking awkward questions, then send him to the boss
poruszająco
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stirringly
(adv.) In a way that inspires strong feelings
She spoke stirringly about her journey
błahy
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trivial
(adj.) Not important or serious
I forgot his birthday over a trivial argument
wyłaniający się
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emergent
(adj.) In the process of coming into being or becoming prominent
Blockchains are still an emergent technology
podłość
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turpitude
(n.) Depravity, moral corruption
Nearly all states have laws that permit the dismissal of a teacher for immorality, immoral character or turpitude
protektor
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protector
(n.) Someone who keeps others safe
The dog was a loyal protector of the family
nienamacalny
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impalpable
(adj.) Unable to be felt by touch
The ghost's was impalpable
ubytek
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cavity
(n.) An empty space within a solid object
A tentative estimate for the energy of the plasma filling the cavity can be obtained as follows
ubytek
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cavity
(n.) An empty space within a solid object
A tentative estimate for the energy of the plasma filling the cavity can be obtained as follows
nadmiar
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plethora
(n.) A very large amount of something, especially a large amount than you need, want, or can deal with
The plethora of regulations is both contradictory and confusing
poniżać
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demean
(v.) To reduce someone's dignity or status
She refused to demean her secretary by making him order her lunch
żałosny
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piteous
(adj.) Causing you to feel sadness and sympathy
The kitten gave a piteous cry
mieszkaniec
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denizen
(n.) A person or animal that lives in certain place
Penguins are denizens of Antarctica
pewny
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adamant
(adj.) Unwilling to change or be convinced
Despite the pleas and arguments, he remained adamant in his decision to pursue his dream, undeterred by the doubts of others
niepokonany
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insuperable
(adj.) Impossible to overcome or defeat
The hero faced an insuperable villain
porównanie
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simile
(n.) A comparison using 'like' or 'as'
Her smile is like the sun
narazić
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jeopardize
(v.) Put someone or something into a situation in which there is a danger or loss, harm, or failure
A devaluation of the dollar would jeopardize New York's position as a financial centre
uniemożliwiać
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preclude
(v.) Prevent from happening; make impossible
The secret nature of his work precluded official recognition
uciekanie się
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recourse
(n.) Using something or someone as a way of getting help, especially in difficult or dangerous situation
Their only recourse is to file for an appeal before an administrative law judge
dobrobyt
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weal
(n.) A state of being happy and healthy
Community projects aim to improve the weal
niezrównany
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peerless
(adj.) Unequaled or unmatched
His singing talent is peerless
niezrównany
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peerless
(adj.) Unequaled or unmatched
His singing talent is peerless
fakt niezbity
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matter of fact
(n.) A true and undeniable fact
His innocence is matter of fact
okopcony
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sooty
(adj.) Covered in soot (a black powder produced when coal, wood, etc. is burned)
The world will need to invest heavily to expand energy production, be it clean or sooty
wiarygodny
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plausible
(adj.) Seeming likely to be true, or able to believed
It's a plausible explanation for the demise of that prehistoric species
surowy
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stringent
(adj.) Having a very severe effect, or being extremely limiting
The most stringent laws in the world are useless unless there is the will to enforce them
zadziorny
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pugnacious
(adj.) Wanting to start an argument or fight, or expressing an argument or opinion very forcefully
I found him pugnacious and arrogant
uczciwość
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integrity
(n.) Honesty and strong moral principles
She was admired for her integrity
gwara
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vernacular
(n.) The everyday language spoken by region's people
He writes poems in the local vernacular
uczeni
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clerisy
(n.) A group of very smart and educated people
The clerisy discussed new scientific discoveries
skrupuły
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scruple
(n.) A feeling of doubt about doing something
He had scruples about lying
odzyskać
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retrieve
(v.) To get back something by looking for it
He retrieved his lost phone under the couch
powołać się
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adduce
(v.) To present evidence or examples
Lawyers adduce facts to support their case
przezabawny
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hilarious
(adj.) Very funny and entertaining
The clown's act was hilarious
pretensjonalny
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pretentious
(adj.) Trying to appear or sound more important or clever than you are
The novels deals with grand themes, but is never heavy or pretentious
rozszerzenie
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extension
(n.) Stretching out or expending in area or time
She got an extension on her project deadline
odbudować
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rebuild
(v.) To make something again or make it new
They decided to rebuild the old playground
podkreślać
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underscore
(v.) To emphasize the importance of something
Moreover, the natural-gas crisis following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has underscored the need to accelerate decarbonization to secure the bloc’s energy supply, lower its power costs, and foster social cohesion
gazowe
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gaseus
(adj.) Similar to a gas, not solid or liquid
The room filled with gaseus fumes
żarliwy
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fervent
(adj.) Having intense feeling or passion for something
The young poet wrote fervent love letters to her crush
ożywiać
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vivified
(v.) To make something lively or energetic again
Her speech vivified the entire audience
hańba
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opprobrium
(n.) Embarrassing action or public humiliation
The celebrity's behavior towards his fans were an opprobrium, and he deserved the harsh criticism he received for them
peryferyjne
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peripheral
(adj.) Relating to or situated on the edge or periphery of something
It may also test the EU’s cohesion, as the emergence of green industries in peripheral regions could reconfigure power within the bloc
rozcieńczać
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dilute
(v.) To make a liquid weaker by mixing in something else
It will also be necessary to cut bureaucratic red tape (without diluting climate policy), such as by accelerating permitting
dostarczanie
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procurement
(n.) The process of getting supplies
Such a strategy could use public procurement to create a domestic market for innovative clean technologies and products that are made in Europe
gest
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largess
(n.) Generosity in bestowing money or gifts upon others
Presumably public money is not dispensed with such largesse to anyone else
pomysłowość
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contrivance
(n.) Creating or adapting something for a special use
His invention was a contrivance for cleaning oceans
skłonność
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habitude
(n.) A usual way of behaving or doing something
Morning runs became his habitude
prawowitość
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rightfulness
(n.) Being fair and just
The judge ensured rightfulness in the trial
scedować
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cede
(v.) To give ownership or control to someone else
The king decide to cede his throne to his sone
nieustraszony
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dauntless
(adj.) Not afraid of anything
The dauntless hero saved the day
przyległy
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contiguous
(adj.) Adjacent or next to each other
The two states are contiguous
egzergiczny
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exergonic
(adj.) Releases energy during a process
Burning wood is an exergonic reaction
ukłucie
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twinge
(n.) A quick, small pain
He felt a twinge in his knee
przełomowa innowacja
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disruptive innovation
Innovation that transforms expensive or highly sophisticated products or services—previously accessible to a high-end or more-skilled segment of consumers—to those that are more affordable and accessible to a broader population
A better financing environment for disruptive innovation is needed as barriers to growth within the European markets are removed
uzyskać
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obtain
(v.) To get something, especially by asking for it, buying, working for it, or producing it from something else
The results shown below are obtained after eliminating the 1% of extreme cases
nadmiar
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spillover
(n.) The effects of an activity that have spread further than was originally intended
Ensuring sufficient local capital to fund scale-ups would concentrate the spillover of innovation within Europe
z powodu
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due to
(adj.) Becuase of something
A lot of her unhappiness is due to boredom
cały
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entire
(adj.) Whole or complete, with nothing missing
He'd spent the entire journey asleep
znaczący
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significant
(adj.) Important or noticeable
The talks between the US and the USSR were very significant for the relationship between the two countries
obecność
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attendance
(n.) The fact of going somewhere such as a church, school, etc.
I can tentatively confirm my attendance
niedogmatyczny
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undogmatic
(adj.) Open to different ideas and opinions
She is undogmatic in her beliefs
nadzorowanie
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superintendence
(n.) Overseeing or managing something
His superintendence ensured the project's success
jurysdykcyjny
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jural
(adj.) Related to law and legal rights
She studied jural matters at university
rozróżniać
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distinguish
(v.) To recognize or show a difference
She can distinguish between good and bad art
apatia
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torpor
(n.) A state of mental or physical inactivity or insensibility
After overeating on Christmas, I fell into a satisfied torpor
niedorzeczny
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ludicrous
(adj.) So foolish, unreasonable, or out of place as to be amusing
Some stories that initially seemed ludicrous turned out to be true
zejście
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descent
(n.) Going or moving downwards
The plane began is descent
grzeczność
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complaisance
(n.) Being polite and wanting to please
His complaisance made everyone feel welcome
przemawiać przeciwko
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militate against
(phrasal v.) To make something less likely to happen or succeed
The complexity and costliness of the judicial system militate against justice for indivdual
godło
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emblem
(n.) A sign that represents something
The dove is an emblem of peace
integralny
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integral
(adj.) Necessary and important as a part of a whole
He's integral part of the team and we can't do without him
dumny
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orgulous
(adj.) Haughty, proud
His orgulous demeanor was off-putting at the meeting
dokazywać
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hector
(v.) [with object] talk to someone in bullying way
She doesn't hector us about giving up things
szacunki
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guestimate
(n.) A guess based on some reasoning
He made a guestimate of the costs
nacisk
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emphasis
(n.) Special importance or attention given to something
She put emphasis on honesty in her speech
ułatwiać
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facilitate
(v.) To make something easier to do or achieve
The guide will facilitate your journey
niezliczone
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innumerous
(adj.) Too many to count
Stars in the sky are innumerous
wpajać
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inculcate
(v.) To frequently instill an idea or belief firmly in someone's mind
Parents often read to their children in order to inculcate a love of literature in their young minds
dzwony pogrzebowe
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death knell
(n.) A warning of the end of something
The Suez Crisis tolled the death knell for British and French imperialism
rehabilitować się (przywracać dobre imię)
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vindicate
(v.) To prove that what someone said or did was right after people generally thought it was wrong
Immediately journalist from across Europe called me to ask if I felt vindicated
nieistotny
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negligible
(adj.) Small or not important
After years of negligible investment, Europe's supply side shrank
kurczyć się
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shrink
(v.) To become smaller, or to make something smaller
Its forest have shrunk to almost half the size they were ten years ago
zwiastun
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harbringer
(n.) A person or thing that shows that something is going to happen soon, especially something bad
However, while 'enlightenment ' may have been the harbinger of change, to characterize this change as leading to ' secularization ' would be too simplistic
mylna informacja
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misinformation
(n.) False or inaccurate information
Young people may have been exposed to misinformation, disinformation, and conspiracy theories
skracać
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curtail
(v.) To lessen, reduce
Since losing his job, he had to curtail his spending
silny
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potent
(adj.) Very strong or powerful
The medicine was surprisingly potent
wybrukować
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pave
(v.) Cover (a piece of ground) with flat stones or bricks; lay paving over
Dominant intellectual frameworks persist until their limitations in describing reality become undeniable, paving the way for a new paradigm
przygnębiająco
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woefully
(adv.) (of a bad situation) extremely; very
Three decades later, “the end of history” and the policies that followed from it, appears woefully misguided
poprzez
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throughout
(adv. / preposition) In every part, or during the whole period of time
To be clear, energy transitions – a move away from one form of energy to another – have occurred throughout history, coinciding with economic changes that created demand for the new energy source
niezbędny
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indispensable
(adj.) Something or someone that is indispensable is so good or important that you could not manage without it, him, or her
Coal consumption remains indispensable in powering China, India, and other developing countries, and reached record highs in 2023
do przewidzenia
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foreseeable
(adj.) A foreseeable event or situation is one that can be known about or guessed before it happens
Such a paradigm would accept that energy consumption will continue to rise for the foreseeable future, with fossil fuels and renewables both playing a larger role
zdumiony
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flabbergasted
(adj.) Astounded
Whenever I read an Agatha Christie mystery novel, I am always flabbergasted when I learn the identity of the murder
niepewność
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incertitude
(n.) Feeling unsure about something
He faced incertitude about his job
mądrość po fakcie
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hindsight
(n.) Understanding of a situation or event only after it has happened or developed
Doing so becomes easier only with hindsight
wszechstronny
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comprehensive
(adj.) Of large content or scope; wideranging
A comprehensive collection of photographs
odstraszenie
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deterrence
(n.) The action of discouraging an action or event through instilling doubt or fear of the consequences
Cold War in which superpower conflict was kept on ice by nuclear deterrence, turning hot only in proxy fights
gwałtownie
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vehemently
(adv.) In a forceful, passionate, or intense manner, with great feeling
France, the euro zone's second-largest economy, is vehemently opposed, while countries including Poland, Italy, Austria and the Netherlands have all expressed reservations
zmieniać
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shift
(v.) To (cause something or someone to) move or change from one position or direction to another, especially slightly
After the shock of the 9/11 attacks in 2001, attention shifted to terrorist organizations, insurgents, and other nonstate groups
ograniczony
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circumscribed
(adj.) Subject to limits or subjected to limits
But it was a highly circumscribed phenomenon, often limited in scale and waged in remote locations against shadowy adversaries
wykonać, zastosować
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carry out
(v.) Put in effect
Hamas carried out its brutal October 7 terrorist attack on Israel, provoking a highly lethal and destructive Israeli assault on Gaza
poszerzać
rozpocznij naukę
widen
(v.) When you made something broader or more open, you widen it
The conflict quickly widened into a complex regional affair, involving multiple states and a numer of capable nonstate actors
zmusić
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compel
(v.) To force someone to do something
These developments should compel strategists and planners to rethink how fighting happens today and, crucially, how they should prepare for war going forward
wzrost
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surge
(n.) A sudden and great increase
Conventional conflict would involve a surge in anti-access capabilities
manewrowość
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maneuverability
(n.) The quality of being easy to move and direct
Today's submarines have limited maneuverability
niebezpieczeństwo
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peril
(n.) Great danger, or something that is very dangerous
Nuclear threats would persist, but they would prove limited compared with the existential perils of the past
zawoalowane
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veiled
(adj.) Veiled words or ways of behaving are not direct or expressed clearly
He took the comment as a veiled threat
zbiór
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array
(n.) A large group of things or people, esp. when shown or positioned in an attractive way
We have an array of possibilities
wśród
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amid
(preposition) In the middle of or surrendered by
In Ukraine, robot dogs patrol the ground and autonomous drones launch missiles from the sky amid trench warfare that looks like WWI
zdezelowany
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dilapidated
(adj.) Old and in poor condition
The hotel we stayed in was really dilapidated
kusić
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lure
(v.) To persuade someone to do something or go somewhere by offering them something exciting
He had lured his victim to a deserted house
zaostrzyć, pogarszać
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exacerbate
(v.) To make something that is already bad even worse
This attack will exacerbate the already tense relations between the two communities
trwały
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persistent
(adj.) Lasting for a long time or difficult to get rid of
The European economy displays from persistent skills shortages in several sectors and occupations, for both low-, and high-skilled workers
powolny
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sluggish
(adj.) Moving or operating more slowly than usual and with less energy or power
The uneven adoption of basic management practices is likely responsible for the sluggish adoption of ICT in the EU
przeciwności losu
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headwinds
(n.) A wind blowing in the opposite direction to the one you are moving in
Demographic headwinds imply a shrinking labour force in Europe
niedobór
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shortage
(n.) A situation in which there is not enough of something
Skills shortages are acting as a barrier to innovation and technology adoption and could potentially hinder decarbonization as well
dolegliwy
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acute
(adj.) If a bad situation is acute, it causes severe problems or damage
Shortages of high-skilled workers are likely to become more acute over time
utrudniać
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hinder
(v.) To limit the ability of someone to do something, or to limit the development of something
Her progress certainly hasn't been hindered by her lack of experience
osiągnięcie
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attainment
(n.) The act of achieving something
Educational attainment in the EU - as measured by the OECD's PISA scores - is falling
przeszkadzać
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hamper
(v.) To prevent someone doing something easily
Fierce storms have been hampering rescue efforts and there is now little chance of finding more survivors
generalna przebudowa
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overhaul
(v.) To completely change a system so that it works more effectively
The EU should overhaul it's approach to skills, making it more strategic, future-oriented and focused on emerging skill shortages
wydatkowanie
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disbursement
(n.) The act of paying out money, especially from an amount that has been collected for a particular purpose
To improve the efficiency and scalability of skills investments, the disbursement of EU funds should be coupled with stricter accountability and impact evaluation
wzmacniać
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enhance
(v.) To improve the quality, amount, or strength of something
The EU and Members State enhance their use of skills intelligence by making much more intense use of data to understand and act on existing skills gaps
przeszkoda
rozpocznij naukę
obstacle
(n.) Something that makes it difficult for you to go somewhere or to succeed at something
High energy costs in Europe are an obstacle to growth, while lack of generation and grid capacity could impede the spread of digital and transport electrification
utrudniać
rozpocznij naukę
impede
(v.) To make it difficult or impossible for someone or something to move or make progress
A broken-down car is impeding the flow of traffic
zmienny
rozpocznij naukę
volatile
(adj.) A volatile situation is when it suddenly change
Energy prices have also become more volatile, increasing the price of hedging and adding uncertainty to investment decisions
w krótkim terminie
rozpocznij naukę
near-term
(adj.) Relating to what will happen soon and not what will happen further in future
These differences create massive near-term investment needs for EU companies that their competitors do not face
prowadzić
rozpocznij naukę
lead
(v.) To control a group of people, a country, or a situation
Decarbonization offers an opportunity for Europe to lower energy prices and take the lead in clean technologies, while also becoming more energy secure
sugerować
rozpocznij naukę
imply
(v.) To communicate an idea or feeling without saying it directly
I'm not implying anything about your cooking, but could we eat out tonight?
obdarzony
rozpocznij naukę
endowed
(adj.) If some or something is endowed with a particular quality or feature, the person or thing naturally has that quality or feature
Specific regions are endowed with high potential for cost-competitive renewable energy sources
polegać na
rozpocznij naukę
rely on
(phrasal v.) To need a particular thing or the help and support of someone or something in order to continue, to work correctly, or to succeed
According to the IEA, more than one-third of the required CO2 emission reductions globally in 2050 rely on technologies currently at the demonstration or prototype phase
tempo
rozpocznij naukę
pace
(n.) The speed at which someone or something moves, or with which something happens or changes
Owing to a fast pace of innovation, low manufacturing costs and state subsidies four times higher than in other major economies, China is now dominating global exports of clean technologies
pogorszenie
rozpocznij naukę
deterioration
(n.) The fact or process of becoming worse
The EU is already seeing a sharp deterioration in its trade balance with China
dostrzec
rozpocznij naukę
perceive
(v.) To come to an opinion about something, or have a belief about something
In response to perceived unfair competition, an increasing number of countries are raising tariff and non-tariff barriers against China
groźny
rozpocznij naukę
formidable
(adj.) Someone who is formidable is strong and slightly frightening
Ogres are large, loud creatures that go out of their way to make a formidable impression
zaprzeczenie
rozpocznij naukę
denial
(n.) A statement that something is not true or does not exist
His denial of responsibility for the accident was unconvincing
gnić
rozpocznij naukę
decay
(v.) To become gradually damaged, worse, or less; to cause something to do this
The role of the extended family has been decaying for some time
ustnik
rozpocznij naukę
mouthpiece
(n.) A person or a newspaper that expresses the opinions of others
He's a mouthpiece for the chemical industry
znaczny
rozpocznij naukę
considerable
(adj.) Large or noticeable importance
The fire caused considerable damage to the church
zainicjować coś
rozpocznij naukę
get off the ground
(idiom) To start
He and his friend tried to start a band but it never got off the ground
napędzać
rozpocznij naukę
drive
(v.) To force someone or something into a particular state, often an unpleasant one
In the course of history, love has driven men and women to strange extremes
wadliwy
rozpocznij naukę
flawed
(adj.) Not perfect, or containing mistakes
His argument is deeply flawed
prawdopodobnie
rozpocznij naukę
supposedly
(adv.) According to what someone told you, or according to what is believed by many people to be true
I've been down to the south of England where supposedly King Arthur's castle was
żywić urazę
rozpocznij naukę
resent
(v.) To feel angry because you have been forced to accept someone or something that you do not like
She bitterly resented her father's new wife
szukać
rozpocznij naukę
seek
(v.) To try to find or get something, especially something that is not a physical object
Hundreds of dissidents are seeking asylum in the US embassy
stronniczość
rozpocznij naukę
bias
(n.) The action of supporting or opposing a particular person or thing in an unfair way, because of allowing personal opinions to influence your judgement
Have you noticed any bias in the reporting of the Middle East situation in the media?
bliskość
rozpocznij naukę
proximity
(n.) The state of being near in space or time
The best thing about the location of the house is it's proximity to the town centre
całkowity
rozpocznij naukę
utter
(adj.) Complete or extreme
She had a look of utter devastation on her face
powierzchnia
rozpocznij naukę
surface
(n.) The outer or top part or layer of something
The marble has a smooth, shiny surface
nadmierne uproszczenie
rozpocznij naukę
oversimplification
(n.) The action of describing or explaining something in such a simple way that it is no longer correct or true
Oversimplification of complex problems is dangerous
stado
rozpocznij naukę
herd
(n.) A large group of animals of the same type that live and feed together
Poor Janine - she just follows the herd
ucieleśniać
rozpocznij naukę
embody
(v.) To represent a quality or an idea exactly
She embodied good sportsmanship on the playing field
przezwyciężać
rozpocznij naukę
overcome
(v.) To defeat or succeed in controlling or dealing with something
Eventually she managed to overcome her shyness in class
zachęcać
rozpocznij naukę
incentivize
(v.) To make someone want to do something
We need to incentivize our sales managers to achieve these targets
nieunikniony
rozpocznij naukę
inevitable
(adj.) Certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented
The factory closure is seemingly inevitable
zaokrętować
rozpocznij naukę
embark
(v.) To go onto a ship
Thus, it is crucial that the legal and technical communities embark on interdisciplinary research to deal with these issues
czysty
rozpocznij naukę
sheer
(adj.) Used to emphasize how very great, important, or powerful a quality or feeling is; nothing expect
Such a move would quickly degenerate into sheer protectionism
sztywny
rozpocznij naukę
rigid
(adj.) Stiff or fixed; not able to be bent or moved
The EU's rigid budget model needs to be changed
dotkliwy
rozpocznij naukę
severe
(adj.) Causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, damage, etc.; very serious
In parts of Africa there is a severe food shortage
wtargnięcie
rozpocznij naukę
incursion
(n.) A sudden attack or entry into an area that belongs to other people
Deliberate incursions and invasions of the sovereignty of a country are another matter
podnieść
rozpocznij naukę
heighten
(v.) To increase or make something increase
In the wake of these provocations, analysts fret about heightened risk of military accidents and strategic misperceptions
stopniowo zwiększać
rozpocznij naukę
ratchet up
(phersal v.) To increase something in controlled stages over a period of time
They worry that incidents of this sort could ratchet up tensions until policymakers lose control
potknąć się
rozpocznij naukę
stumble
(v.) To step awkwardly while walking or running and fall or begin to fall
Running along beach, she stumbled on a log and fell on the sand
drabina
rozpocznij naukę
ladder
(n.) A piece of equipment used for climbing up and down, that consists of two vertical bars or pieces of rope joined to each other by a set of horizontal steps
She was up a ladder, cleaning the window
niezamierzony
rozpocznij naukę
inadvertent
(adj.) Not intentional
Although provocative incidents can push crises up the escalation ladder, truly inadvertent wars are rare
powściągliwość
rozpocznij naukę
restraint
(n.) Calm and controlled behaviour
He showed admirable restraint, and refused to be provoked
być bliskim zrobienia czegoś
rozpocznij naukę
to the brink of something
(idiom) If you go to the brink of something, you become very close to doing or having it
Extreme stress had driven him to the brink of a nervous breakdown
próg
rozpocznij naukę
threshold
(n.) The level or point at which you start to experience something, or at which something starts to happen
States must learn how to pressure their adversaries just enough to shape their behavior without crossing thresholds that could trigger a significant response
odwet
rozpocznij naukę
retaliation
(n.) The act of hurting someone or doing something harmful to someone because they have done or something harmful to you
The bomb attack was in retaliation for the recent arrest of two well-known terrorists
przymusowy
rozpocznij naukę
coercive
(adj.) Using force to persuade people to do things that they are unwilling to do
The world encouragement is correctly because 1960s planning was indicative not coercive
wzajemne oddziaływanie
rozpocznij naukę
interplay
(n.) The effect that two or more things have on each other
Understanding how to navigate the interplay of pressure and restrain empowers leaders to step back from the edge of war
najem
rozpocznij naukę
lease
(n.) A legal agreement in which you pay money on order to use a building, piece of land, vehicle, etc. for a period
He has the house on long lease
stęskniony za domem
rozpocznij naukę
homesick
(adj.) Unhappy because of being away grom home for a long period
As I read my mother's letter, I began to feel more and more homesick
urządzenie
rozpocznij naukę
appliance
(n.) A device, machine, or piece of equipment, especially an electrical one that od used in the house, such a cooker or washing machine
We recommend that an engineer services your gas appliance annually
narzekać
rozpocznij naukę
grumble
(v.) To complain about someone or something in annoyed way
When the teacher assigned extra homework, she heard a few grumbles from the kids
zgnilizna
rozpocznij naukę
rottenness
(n.) The fact of being very bad or dishonest
For had not yet been able to conquer the rottenness within him
pokorny
rozpocznij naukę
humble
(adj.) Not proud or not believing that you are important
Be it every so humble, there's no place like home
umeblować
rozpocznij naukę
furnish
(v.) To put furniture in something
They've furnished the room very simply
zaprzestać
rozpocznij naukę
cease
(v.) To stop something
No matter under what circumstances you leave it, home does not cease to be home
długość
rozpocznij naukę
length
(n.) The amount of time something lasts
Peace and rest at length have come
trud
rozpocznij naukę
toil
(n.) Hard work, especially work that makes you feel physically tired
Lindi has achieved her comfortable life only after years of hard toil
zapewniać
rozpocznij naukę
assert
(v.) To say that something as certainly true
He asserts that she stole money from him
sposób
rozpocznij naukę
manner
(n.) The way something happens or something is done
They dealt with the problem in a very efficient manner
brutalnie szczery
rozpocznij naukę
gritty
(adj.) Showing the unpleasant or difficult features of something as they really are
This is a gritty drama about corruption and greed
przedział
rozpocznij naukę
compartment
(n.) A separate part or division eg railawy carriage
We couldn't find an empty compartment in the train
namaczać
rozpocznij naukę
soak
(v.) If you soak something, or let it soak, you put it in a liquid for a period of time
He left the pan in the sink to soak
czołowy
rozpocznij naukę
foremost
(adj. / adv.) Most important
He's one of the country's foremost experts on military law
czołowy
rozpocznij naukę
foremost
(adj. / adv.) Most important
He's one of the country's foremost experts on military law
cuchnące
rozpocznij naukę
smelly
(adj.) Having a strong or unpleasant smell
Bit of a smelly job up there I would have thought
obojętny
rozpocznij naukę
impervious
(adj.) Unable to be affected by
Her father was like a rock, impervious to time and good opinion
rzucający się w oczy
rozpocznij naukę
conspicuous
(adj.) Clearly visible or attracting attention
He did look conspicuous with the blood off his face
płukać
rozpocznij naukę
rinse
(v.) To wash something in clean water in order to remove dirt or soap
Rinse the beans with cold water
plama
rozpocznij naukę
stain
(n.) A coloured patch or dirty mark that is difficult to remove
There were mud stains on my shoes
buda
rozpocznij naukę
shebang
(n.) The whole of something, including everything that is connected with it
I'm not ready for the whole shebang
mnogość
rozpocznij naukę
multitude
(n.) A large number of people or things
Demand for these materials has soared for a multitude of reasons
mieszanka
rozpocznij naukę
blend
(n.) A mixture of different things or styles
A rich blend of the finest coffee beans
rzucić okiem
rozpocznij naukę
glance
(v.) To look somewhere for a short time
He glanced at his watch
zbieg
rozpocznij naukę
confluence
(n.) A situation in which two things join or come together
The change has been brought on by a confluence of factors
osiągać coś z trudem, wypracować coś
rozpocznij naukę
hammer something out
(phrasal verb) To reach an agreement or solution after a lot of argument or discussion
Three years after the accident the lawyers finally managed to hammer out a settlement with the insurance company
wstecz
rozpocznij naukę
backwards
(adv.) Towards the direction that is opposite to the one in which you are facing or opposite to the usual direction
He took step backwards to allow her to pass
przedsiębiorczy
rozpocznij naukę
entrepreneurial
(adj.) Relating to someone who starts their own business or is good at seeing new opportunities to make money
With more people self-employed, has our society become more entrepreneurial
zdusić
rozpocznij naukę
stifle
(v.) To prevent something for happening, being expressed, or continuing
It is the responsibility of schools to encourage learning, not to stifle it
towar
rozpocznij naukę
commodity
(n.) A substance or product that can be traded, bought, or sold
The country's most valuable commodities include tin and diamonds
przyjąć
rozpocznij naukę
assume
(v.) To think that something is likely to be true, although you have no proof
Everything was quiet when I got home so I assumed that you had gone out
pozbywać się
rozpocznij naukę
get rid of
(idiom) To find a way to make someone leave because you do not want the person to be with you any longer
We finally got rid of my little sister by telling her scary stories
dźwignia
rozpocznij naukę
leverage
(n.) The action or advantage of using a lever
However, today this second category of players has much less economic, political and military leverage
wzgląd
rozpocznij naukę
sake
(n.) For the purpose of or in the interest of
The couple moved to the cost for the sake of her health
wyskoczyć
rozpocznij naukę
pop up
(phrasal verb) To move quickly and suddenly from a closed or flat position to a vertical one
The words 'Hard disk failure - program aborted' popped up on the screen
wtrącanie się
rozpocznij naukę
meddling
(n.) That act of trying to change or have an influence on things that are not your responsibility, especially by criticizing in a damaging or annoying way
High-ranking officials said there was no political meddling in the case
zmanipulowanie
rozpocznij naukę
rigging
(n.) The act of arranging dishonestly for the result of something, for example an election, to be changed
Opposition parties have protested over alleged vote rigging in the election
krzepki
rozpocznij naukę
robust
(adj.) Strong and healthy
He looks robust enough
sztuczka
rozpocznij naukę
gimmick
(n.) Something that is used only to get people's attention, especially to make them buy something
It is not so much a programme to improve services as a gimmick to gain votes
boleść
rozpocznij naukę
anguish
(n.) Unhappiness caused by physical or mental suffering
His anguish at the outcome of the court case was very clear
awaria
rozpocznij naukę
malfunction
(n. / v.) A failure to work or operate correctly
Shortly before the crash the pilot had reported a malfunction of the aircraft's navigation system
zderzać się
rozpocznij naukę
collide
(v.) To hit something violently, especially of moving objects
It was predicted that a comet would collide with one of the planets
borykać się
rozpocznij naukę
struggle
(v.) To experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do something
I've been struggling to understand this article all afternoon
program oszczędnościowy
rozpocznij naukę
austerity
(n.) A difficult economics situation caused by a government reducing the amount of money it spends
People protested in the streets against austerity
egzekwowanie
rozpocznij naukę
enforcement
(n.) The process of making people obey a law or rule, or making a particular situation happen or be accepted
Voters support the enforcement of immigration laws
sprzeczać się
rozpocznij naukę
squabble
(v. / n.) To argue over something that is not important
They are still squabbling over who will get the big office
złom
rozpocznij naukę
scrap
(n.) Old cars and machines that are not now needed but have parts which can be used to make other things
The car was so badly damaged we could only sell it as scrap
nieosiągalny
rozpocznij naukę
unattainable
(adj.) Not able to be achieved
Many economists think that full employment is as unattainable goal
zobowiązać się, ślubować
rozpocznij naukę
pledge
(n. / v.) A serious or formal promise, especially one to give money or to be friend, or something that you give as a sign that will keep a promise
I give you this ring as a pledge of my everlasting love for you
zwyciężać, brać górę
rozpocznij naukę
prevail
(v.) To get control or influence
I am sure that common sense will prevail in the end
zrozumieć coś/przyswajać coś
rozpocznij naukę
take something in
(phrasal verb) To understand completely the meaning or importance of something
It was an interesting exhibition, but there was too much to take it all in
upodabniać się do siebie
rozpocznij naukę
converge
(v.) If prices, levels, or rates converge or are converged, they become or are made more similar to each other
Increasing flexibility in transportation will have the effect of converging gas prices around the world
równomiernie
rozpocznij naukę
steadily
(adv.) Gradually
Prices have risen steadily
powściągać
rozpocznij naukę
curb
(v.) To control or limit something that is not wanted
You really need to curb your spending
przywrócić
rozpocznij naukę
reimpose
(v.) To officially force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed or received again after a period when it was not used
She plans to reimpose regulations on energy corporations
lustrować
rozpocznij naukę
scrutinize
(v.) To examine something very carefully to discover information
He scrutinized the men's faces closely, trying to work out who was laying
pojednanie
rozpocznij naukę
reconciliation
(n.) A situation in which two people or groups of people become friendly again after they have argued
It took hours of negotiations to bring about a reconciliation between the two sides
zwolnienie
rozpocznij naukę
exemption
(n.) Special permission not to do or pay something
After all, different consideration may apply to the questions about exemption clauses and remedies
trafny
rozpocznij naukę
pertinent
(adj.) Relating directly to the subject being considered
For present purpose, that final distinction is not pertinent
niewłaściwe korzystanie, nadużycie
rozpocznij naukę
misuse
(v.) To use something in an unsuitable way or in a way that was not intended
She was accused of misusing company funds
rozpowszechniać
rozpocznij naukę
disseminate
(v.) To spread or give out something, especially news, information, ideas, etc. to a lot of people
One of the organization's aims is to disseminate information about the diease
nadmierny
rozpocznij naukę
excessive
(adj.) Too much
Excessive exercise can sometimes cause health problems
zagłębić się w coś
rozpocznij naukę
delve into something
(phrasal verb) To search in order to find a thing or information
She said she was tired of journalists delving into her private life
konsekwentny
rozpocznij naukę
consistent
(adj.) [with something] Having the same principles as something else, or agreeing with other facts
The findings of the present 5-year longitudinal study are consistent with this theoretical claim
podejście
rozpocznij naukę
approach
(n.) A way of considering or doing something
I've just read an interesting book which has a new approach to Shakespeare
poprzedni
rozpocznij naukę
previous
(adj.) Happing or existing before something or someone else
He has two daughters from a previous marriege
zarys
rozpocznij naukę
outline
(n.) The main shape or edge of something, without any details
She draw the outline of the boat and then coloured it in
sprawca
rozpocznij naukę
perpetrator
(n.) Someone who has committed a crime or a violent or harmful act
The perpetrators of the massacre must be brought to justice as war criminals
wyłącznie
rozpocznij naukę
solely
(adv.) Only, and not involving anyone or anything else
I bought it solely for that purpose
niejasny
rozpocznij naukę
vague
(adj.) Not clearly expressed, known, described, or decided
The patient had complained of vague pains and backache
bezpośredni
rozpocznij naukę
straightforward
(adj.) Easy to understand or simple
The owner's conclusion was straightforward, yet not unproblematic
synonimiczny
rozpocznij naukę
synonymous
(adj.) Having the same meaning
If it were impossible to remove one of these two synonymous lexical items without loss of coverage, then the algorithm would keep both
zachować
rozpocznij naukę
retain
(v.) To keep or continue to have something
She has lost her battle to retain control of the company
czynić
rozpocznij naukę
render
(v.) To make something or someone be in a particular state or condition
The trees rendered the road as dark as a tunnel
naruszalny
rozpocznij naukę
violable
(adj.) If something is violable, it is possible for people to act against it, remove it, or not respect it
These well-meaning initiatives encourage the idea that our rights are violable, turning us into society of suspicious individuals
zwolnić
rozpocznij naukę
exempt
(v.) To excuse someone or something from duty, payment, etc.
Small business have been exempted from the tax increase
przylegać
rozpocznij naukę
adhere
(v.) To stick firmly
A smooth, dry surface helps tiles adhere to the wall
haniebny
rozpocznij naukę
heinous
(adj.) Very bad and shocking
It might be just so heinous a crime, it might be justice, but would it be merciful?
dotrzeć do kogoś
rozpocznij naukę
reach out to someone
(phrasal verb) To try communicate with a person or a group of people, usually in order to help or involve them
The new mayor is reaching out to inner city communities to involve them in his plans for the city
zła sława
rozpocznij naukę
notoriety
(n.) The state of being famous for something bad
He gained notoriety for being difficult to work with as an actor
przeprowadzać
rozpocznij naukę
conduct
(v.) To organize and perform a particular activity
We are conducting a survey to find out what our customers think of their local bus service
stać na straży
rozpocznij naukę
uphold
(v.) To defend or keep a principle or law, or to say that a decision that had already been made, especially a legal one, is correct
Dramatically increasing repression in this way reflected the monarchy's determination to have provincial elites uphold royal authority
podzbiór
rozpocznij naukę
subset
(n.) A set (group of similar numbers, objects or people) that is pary of another, larger set
Due to technical difficulties in randomizing which factors receive a boost, simulations were run for a subset of possible combinations of productivity improvements
wrażliwy
rozpocznij naukę
vulnerable
(adj.) Easy to hurt or attack physically or emotionally
She was a vulnerable sixteen-year-old
lanie
rozpocznij naukę
shellacking
(n.) A complete defeat [informal]
The Dodgers took a shellacking
wzburzony
rozpocznij naukę
agitated
(adj.) Worried or angry
She became very agitated when her son failed to return home
gołosłowność
rozpocznij naukę
pay lip service to something
(n.) To say that you agree with something but do nothing to support it
She claims to be in favour of training, but so far she's only paid lip service to the idea
zwracać
rozpocznij naukę
reimburse
(v.) [with object] repay (a person who has spent or lost money)
The investors should be reimbursed for their losses
sztywniacki
rozpocznij naukę
prim
(adj.) Very formal and proper in behavior
She gave a prime nod of greeting
sztywniacki
rozpocznij naukę
prim
(adj.) Very formal and proper in behavior
She gave a prime nod of greeting
sztywniacki
rozpocznij naukę
prim
(adj.) Very formal and proper in behavior
She gave a prime nod of greeting
równoznaczny
rozpocznij naukę
tantamount
(adj.) Equivalent in value or significant
When it comes to sports, fearing your opponent is tantamount to losing
nadejście czegoś
rozpocznij naukę
the onset of something
(n.) The moment at which something begins, and especially something uncomfortable or unpleasant
Various sings may indicate the onset of dementia
następny
rozpocznij naukę
subsequent
(adj.) Happening after something else
The mistakes were corrected in a subsequent edition of the book
szczególnie
rozpocznij naukę
notably
(adv.) Used to emphasize an important example of something
Technological progress, notably in the digital field, has profoundly transformed markets, productive processes, and business models
gruntownie
rozpocznij naukę
profoundly
(adv.) Deeply or extremely
Society has changed so profoundly over the last 50 years
łagodzić
rozpocznij naukę
alleviate
(v.) To make something bad such as pain or problems less severe
These can be alleviated by an efficient transition to a decarbonized economy
stanowi ryzyko
rozpocznij naukę
poses a risk
(v.) To cause something, especially a problem or difficulty
We're not the ones that pose a threat to this market
rozmieścić
rozpocznij naukę
deploy
(v.) To use something or someone, especially in an effective way
They are not substitutes but rather complements because industrial policies are more effective when deployed on competitive markets and because both improve economic outcomes addressing different market failures
koniunkcja
rozpocznij naukę
conjuction
(n.) The situation in which events or conditions combine or happen together
An unfortunate conjunction of circumstances led to his downfall
chwycić
rozpocznij naukę
grasp
(v.) To quickly take something in your hand(s) and hold it firmly
The competitiveness, growth, and fairness of the EU economy in the years to come depend to a significant extent on conjuncting these two economic policies to grasp the opportunities offered by the digital and green transition
w ten sposób
rozpocznij naukę
thereby
(adv.) As a result of a particular action or event
The name dam will improve the water supply and thereby reduce hunger and disease
okopany
rozpocznij naukę
entrenched
(adj.) Established firmly so that it cannot be changed
An entrenched bureaucracy stalled Gorbachev's efforts to modernize Soviet society
zniekształcenie
rozpocznij naukę
distortion
(n.) A change to the intended or true meaning of something
Nobody has challenged his distortions on education and the economy
wzmacniać
rozpocznij naukę
reinforce
(v.) To make something stronger
Such procompetitive policies are complementary to competition policy, reinforcing one another
wyczerpanie
rozpocznij naukę
depletion
(n.) A reduction in something
The depletion of the ozone layer was first observed over the Antarctic
okopany
rozpocznij naukę
entrenched
(adj.) Entrenched ideas are so fixed or have existed for so long that they cannot be changed
And what this turns into the further entrenched people get into this way of thinking is that capitalism isn't just one way of organizing things but is the way that humans organize things naturally
nawiedzany
rozpocznij naukę
haunted
(adj.) Inhabited by ghosts
The world we live in is haunted by ideas from the past that don't just magically disappear, in fact they persist, they are reused by us
zachowanie
rozpocznij naukę
preservation
(n.) The act of keeping something the same or of preventing it from being damaged
Well for people on the right it's expected there'd be an element of nostalgia to their political views, again for them it's about the preservation of what's good
dorzucić
rozpocznij naukę
tack something on
(phrasal verb) To add something that you had not planned to add, often without much preparation or thought
He promised that he would tack labour and environmental clauses onto future trade deals
wyczerpywać
rozpocznij naukę
deplete
(v.) To reduce something in size or amount, especially supplies of energy, money, etc.
If we continue to deplete the earth's natural resources, we will cause serious damage to the environment
zbaczać
rozpocznij naukę
deviate
(v.) To do something that is different from the usual or common way of behaving
In this case, the energy dependence of the cross-section of nuclear excitation is considerable and the experimental curve deviates from a straight line
obowiązek
rozpocznij naukę
chore
(n.) A job or piece of work that is often boring or unpleasant but needs to be done regularly
I find writing reports a real chore
starzenie się
rozpocznij naukę
obsolescence
(n.) The process or fact of becoming old-fashioned and no longer useful
Depreciation refers to the loss of value of an asset due to age, wear and tear, and obsolescence
niejasne
rozpocznij naukę
blurry
(adj.) Not clear and definite
The law in this area is blurry
zdolny
rozpocznij naukę
capable
(adj.) Able to do things effectively and skilfully, and to achives results
The social model Has however proved itself capable of revision and adaptation
powiązać
rozpocznij naukę
tie
(v.) To relate to or connect to
Can you tie his behaviour up with anything that's happened recently
internalizować
rozpocznij naukę
internalize
(v.) To accept or absorb an idea, opinion, belief, etc. so that it becomes part of your character
He had not expected the people so readily to internalize the values of democracy
piętno
rozpocznij naukę
hallmark
(n.) A typical characteristic or feature of a person or thing
By and large, however, censorship and repression were the hallmarks of government press policy before 1848
ogólnie rzecz biorąc
rozpocznij naukę
by and large
(idiom) When everything about situation is considered together
There are a few small things that I don't like about my job, but by and large it's very enjoyable
przywołać
rozpocznij naukę
evoke
(v.) To make someone remember something or feel an emotion
That smell always evokes memories of my old school
mgiełka
rozpocznij naukę
haze
(n.) Fog caused by water, smoke, or dust, or an effect of heat that prevents things being seen clearly
A brownish haze hung over the field
podwyższać
rozpocznij naukę
elevate
(v.) To raise something or lift something up
There is also philosophical and moral respect for our ancestors, which elevates the character and improves the heart
zgasnąć
rozpocznij naukę
fade
(v.) To (cause to) lose colour, brightness, or strength gradually
If you hang your clothes out in the bright sun, they will fade
sprzeczność
rozpocznij naukę
contradiction
(n.) The fact of something being the complete opposite of something else or very different from something else, so that one of them must be wrong
The contradictions have become so acute that words are no longer to be trusted
rażący
rozpocznij naukę
glaring
(adj.) Used to say that something bad is very obvious
A glaring injustice
apel
rozpocznij naukę
appeal
(n.) A request to the public for money, information, or help
Dalai Lama issued an appeal for peace
szczyt
rozpocznij naukę
pinnacle
(n.) The most successful or admired part of system or achievement
Unbeknownst to her, in her early twenties, she was at the pinnacle of her career
bez wiedzy
rozpocznij naukę
unbeknownst
(adv.) Without a particular person knowing
Unbeknownst to me, he had rented out the apartment while I was away
wytrzymać
rozpocznij naukę
withstand
(v.) To be strong enough, or not be changed by something, or to oppose a person or thing successfully
It has withstood the pandemic and the energy shock
zauważalny; namacalny
rozpocznij naukę
tangible
(adj.) Real and not imaginary; able to be shown, touched, or experienced
It has made tangible progress on its twin digital and green transition and introduced new policies and new founding instruments to sustain recovery and increase economic growth
środek
rozpocznij naukę
midst
(n. / preposition) The middle of a group of people or things
Europe is in the midst of a global transformation and is confronted with both the legacy effects of these crises and the impact of long-term structural trends
dalej
rozpocznij naukę
further
(adj. / adv. / v.) At a grater distance / To a grater distance or degree, or at a more advanced level / To develop or make progress in something
The productivity gap with the US has widened and personal income levels have grown further apart
osobno, oddzielnie
rozpocznij naukę
apart
(adv.) Separated by a distance or by time
How far apart should the speakers be?
dogonić
rozpocznij naukę
catch up
(phrasal verb) [someone] To reach someone in front of you by going faster than them
The convergence between the EU and the US on innovation has slowed down, while China has caught up, and is winning the race for leadership in certain green technologies
zapewniać
rozpocznij naukę
ensure
(v.) To make something certain to happen
It is vital for the EU to ensure its sustainable prosperity and competitiveness, while preserving its unique social market economy, succeeding in the twin transition, and safeguard its sovereignty, economic security and global influence
wdrapywać się / wyrywać
rozpocznij naukę
scramble
(v. / n.) To move or climb quickly but with difficulty; To compete with other people for something there is very little of
In a global system where geopolitical tension, competition for technological supremacy, and the scramble for control over resources are on the rise, Europe's freedom, security and autonomy depend more than ever on its ability to innovate, compete and grow
bystry
rozpocznij naukę
sharp
(adj.) Intelligent or quick to notice things
Our new director is very sharp
bieg
rozpocznij naukę
gear
(n.) A device, often consisting of connecting sets of wheels with teeth around the edge, that controls how much power from am engine goes to the moving parts of machine
Without an urgent shift in gear and approach, the EU's future as an economic powerhouse, an investment destination and a manufacturing centre is at stake
stawka
rozpocznij naukę
stake
(n.) The amount of money that you risk on the result of something such as a game or competition
She spent two weeks in Las Vegas playing high-stakes blackjack at the casinos
zebrać
rozpocznij naukę
muster
(v.) To produce or encourage something such as an emotion or support
Opponents are unlikely to be able to muster enough votes to override the veto
wyruszać
rozpocznij naukę
set out
(phrasal verb) To start a journey
This Communication sets out a compass that will guide the work in the coming five years and lists priority actions to reignite economic dynamism in Europe
rozpalić na nowo
rozpocznij naukę
reignite
(v.) To start burning again, or to make something start burning again
There were fears the fire could reignite
niekorzyść
rozpocznij naukę
disadvantage
(n.) A condition or situation that causes problems, especially one that causes something or someone to be less successful than other things or people
One disadvantage of living in the town is the lack of safe places for children play
zaspokoić
rozpocznij naukę
appease
(v.) To prevent further disagreement or fighting by letting the opposing side have something that they want
He was a crucial ally who the country needed to appease
zmienny w zachowaniu
rozpocznij naukę
mercurial
(adj.) Changing suddenly and often
She was entertaining but unpredictable, with mercurial mood swings
w związku z tym
rozpocznij naukę
hence
(adv.) That is the reason or explanation for
His mother was Italian, hence his name - Luca
wymienić coś
rozpocznij naukę
trade something off
(phrasal verb) To accept a disadvantage or bad feature in order to have something good
It may be possible to trade off manpower cost against computer costs
sprzyjać
rozpocznij naukę
foster
(v.) To encourage the development or growth of ideas or feelings
Strategic partnerships with start-ups could foster the development of new products and systems
wynik, rezultat
rozpocznij naukę
outcome
(n.) A result or effect of an action, situation, etc.
Engaging systematically in global standard setting processes is very important to influence outcomes aligned with EU interests
obejmować
rozpocznij naukę
encompass
(v.) To include different types of things
The festival is to encompass everything from music, theater, and ballet to literature, cinema, and the visual arts
granica
rozpocznij naukę
frontier
(n.) An imaginary line that separates two ideas, qualities, states, etc., or the point at which one idea, quality, etc. becomes another
Productivity must therefore be revived by moving towards the innovation frontier and investing in skills, not by restraining wages
narażenie / ekspozycja
rozpocznij naukę
exposure
(n.) The fact of experiencing something or being affected by it because of being in a particular situation or place
Even a brief exposure to radiation is very dangerous
poza / po drugiej stronie
rozpocznij naukę
beyond
(adv.) On the other side of something
You should try to develop interests beyond the family
skłonny
rozpocznij naukę
prone
(adj.) Likely to show a particular characteristic, usually a negative one, or to be affected by something bad, such as damage or an illness
I've always been prone to headaches
wystarczający
rozpocznij naukę
sufficient
(adj.) Enough for a particular purpose
Yet, the EU's financial sector does not channel them efficiently to productive investment or allocate sufficient capital to innovation in the EU economy
akcentować
rozpocznij naukę
stress
(v.) To give emphasis or special importance to something
I'd just like to stress the importance of neatness and politeness in this job
remedium
rozpocznij naukę
remedy
(n.) A successful way of curing an illness or dealing with a problem or difficulty
The best remedy for grief is hard work
przymus; ograniczenie
rozpocznij naukę
constraint
(n.) Something that controls what you do by keeping you within particular limits / Something that controls what you do by keeping you with particular limits
The constraint of politeness wouldn't allow her to say what she really thought about his cooking
przeważnie
rozpocznij naukę
predominantly
(adv.) Mostly or mainly
She is predominantly a dancer, but she also sings
czoło
rozpocznij naukę
forefront
(n.) The position or situation of being very important or noticeable
His team is at the forefront of scientific research into vaccines
wykładniczo
rozpocznij naukę
exponentially
(adv.) In a way that becomes quicker and quicker as something that increase becomes larger
Malthus wrote about the risks involved in the world's population increasing exponentially
żyła
rozpocznij naukę
vein
(n.) A tube that carries blood to the heart from the other parts of body
I could feel the blood pulsing through my veins
rygorystyczny
rozpocznij naukę
rigorous
(adj.) Careful to look at or consider every part of something to make certain it is correct or safe
The style of writing is rigorous and clear, and the material is well organized
dawać możność
rozpocznij naukę
enable
(v.) To make someone able to do something, or to make something possible
Computerization should enable us to cut production costs by half
składnik
rozpocznij naukę
ingredient
(n.) One of the parts in a mixture
Combine all the ingredients for the stew
dźwigać / podnosić
rozpocznij naukę
lift
(v.) To move something from a lower to a higher position
She lifted her head listening attentively
najnowocześniejszy
rozpocznij naukę
state-of-the-art
(adj.) Very modern and using the most recent ideas and methods
The control panel uses all the newest technology and is considered state-of-the-art
podkręcić coś
rozpocznij naukę
ramp something up
(phrasal verb) To increase the speed, power, or cost of something
Announcement of the merger is expected to ramp up share prices over next few days
obchodzenie
rozpocznij naukę
circumvention
(n.) The process of avoiding something, especially cleverly or illegally
As an industry, we do not tolerate the circumvention of rules
nierówny
rozpocznij naukę
uneven
(adj.) Not level, equal, flat, or continuous
There is an uneven distribution of wealth across the country from the north to the south
prosperować
rozpocznij naukę
thrive
(v.) To grow, develop, or be successful
His business thrived in the years before the war
wysypisko śmieci
rozpocznij naukę
landfill
(n.) The process of getting rid of large amounts of rubbish by burying it, or a place where rubbish is buried
One is the depletion of empty space in the landfill
wydać nowy produkt
rozpocznij naukę
roll something out
(phrasal verb) To make a new product, service, or system available for the first time
The government plans to roll out a series of tax cuts over the next few years
krztusić się
rozpocznij naukę
choke
(v.) If you choke, or if something chokes you, you stop breathing because something is blocking your throat
Peanuts can choke a small child
zetrzeć w proch
rozpocznij naukę
wipe something out
(phrasal verb) To destroy something completely
Whole villages were wiped out in the fighting
ogromny
rozpocznij naukę
vast
(adj.) Extremely big
The people who have taken out advice have saved themselves vast amounts on money
wzajemność
rozpocznij naukę
reciprocity
(n.) Behaviour in which two people or groups of people give each other help and advantages
We offer to all our trading partners a commitment to reciprocity and fairness
przymus
rozpocznij naukę
coercion
(n.) The use of force to persuade someone to do something that they are unwilling to do
He claimed the police had used coercion, threats, and promises to obtain the statement illegally
składowanie
rozpocznij naukę
stockpiling
(n.) The practice of storing a large supply of something for future use
Why is there this stockpiling of arms and ammunition?
perswadować
rozpocznij naukę
persuade
(v.) To make someone do or believe something by giving them a good reason to do it or by talking to that person and making them believe it
If she doesn't want to go, nothing you can say will persuade her
gotowość
rozpocznij naukę
preparedness
(n.) The state of being prepared for a particular situation
The army is in a state of preparedness for war
klęska
rozpocznij naukę
calamity
(n.) A serious accident or bad event causing damage or suffering
A series of calamities ruined them - floods, a failed harvest, and the death of a son
wykorzystać / przynosić korzyść
rozpocznij naukę
avail
(n. / v.) Use, purposes, advantage, or profit / To help or be useful to someone or something
Our efforts availed us nothing
niewypłacalność
rozpocznij naukę
insolvency
(n.) (especially of a company) the condition of not having enough money to pay debts, buy goods, etc., or an occasion when this happens
The country will face insolvency unless the government adopts cost-cutting measures
zabezpieczenie
rozpocznij naukę
collateral
(n.) Valuable property owned by someone who wants to borrow money, that they agree will become the property of the company or person who lends the money if the debt is not paid back
He put his farm up as collateral
stopniowy
rozpocznij naukę
gradual
(adj.) Happening or changing slowly over a long period of time or distance
As you go further south, you will notice a gradual change of climate
podbudować
rozpocznij naukę
underpin
(v.) To give support, strength, or a basic structure to something
Gradually the laws that underpinned apartheid were abolished
zaspokoić kogoś / coś
rozpocznij naukę
cater for someone/something
(phrasal verb) To provide what is wanted or needed by someone or something
Schools often fail to cater for the needs of gifted children
zaspokoić kogoś / coś
rozpocznij naukę
cater for someone/something
(phrasal verb) To provide what is wanted or needed by someone or something
Schools often fail to cater for the needs of gifted children
dobrze prosperować
rozpocznij naukę
flourish
(v.) To grow or develop successfully
He wants the project to flourish in the long run
trwały
rozpocznij naukę
durable
(adj.) Able to last and be used for a long time without becoming damaged
The trays are made from cedar, which is light and durable
dążyć; staranie
rozpocznij naukę
endeavour
(v. / n.) To try to do something; An effort or attempt to do something
Engineers are endeavouring to locate the source of the problem
kontrintuicyjny
rozpocznij naukę
counterintuitive
(adj.) Something that is counterintuitive does not happen in the way you would expect it to
His careful and counterintuitive analysis of the market brought him great success
podobieństwo
rozpocznij naukę
resemblance
(n.) The fact that two people or things look like each other or are similar in some other way
Unfortunately, this argument bears little resemblance to my argument
zwracający uwagę (uderzający)
rozpocznij naukę
striking
(adj.) Very unusual or easily noticed, and therefore attracting a lot of attention
The library is a striking example of modern architecture
oszałamiający
rozpocznij naukę
staggering
(adj.) Very shocking and suprising
It cost a staggering $50,000 per week to keep the museum open to the public
sfinalizować
rozpocznij naukę
clinch
(v.) To finally get or win something
I hear he finally clinched the deal to buy the land he wanted
w górę
rozpocznij naukę
upward
(adj.) Moving towards a higher position, level or value
With an upward trend in inflation, you expect prices to rise
plama, skaza, kleks
rozpocznij naukę
blot
(n.) A small area of ink made by mistake
I signed my name and blotted the paper
oczekiwanie
rozpocznij naukę
expectancy
(n.) The feeling that something exciting or pleasant is going to happen
The voyage opened on a note of excitement and expectancy
oderwany; obojętny
rozpocznij naukę
detached
(adj) Separated; A detached person is not show any emotional involvement or interest in situation
She seemed a bit detached, as if her mind were on other things
hodować; rodzić
rozpocznij naukę
breed
(v.) To keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way; To cause something to happen, usually something bad
Some teachers believe that early failures can latter breed success
rozczarowanie
rozpocznij naukę
disillusionment
(n.) A feeling of being disappointed and unhappy because of discovering the truth about something or someone that you liked or respected
He left the company, expressing his bitter disillusionment
pozbycie się złudzeń
rozpocznij naukę
disenchantment
(n.) A feeling of no longer believing in the value of something, especially having learned of the problems with it
Young people felt locked out of politics, which led to apathy and disenchantment
poprzedzać
rozpocznij naukę
predate
(v.) To have existed or happened before another thing
These cave paintings predate any other which are known
szelma; zachowujący się wbrew zasadom
rozpocznij naukę
rogue
(n. / adj.) A dishonest or bad man; Behaving in ways that are not expected or not normal, often in a way that causes damage
Religion has the capacity to produce saints, but it also has the capacity to produce rogues
napędzać
rozpocznij naukę
propel
(v.) To push or move something somewhere, often with a lot of force
There was a political and social dynamic that propelled people in their bid for more freedom
zadeklarowany; zaprzysięgły
rozpocznij naukę
avowed
(adj.) Stated admitted
The government's avowed intent is to reduce tax
wyrzeczenie się
rozpocznij naukę
renunciation
(n.) The formal announcement that someone no konger owns, supports, believes in, or Has a connection with something
As for the arteriosclerotic, a stilo more restrictive daily regiment od advised, with renunciation of academies, social gathering and cafe life
przypominać, być podobnym
rozpocznij naukę
resemble
(v.) To look like or be like someone or something
You resemble your mother very closely
tylny
rozpocznij naukę
rear
(adj.) At the back of something
The horse had injured one of its rear legs
zginąć
rozpocznij naukę
perish
(v.) To die, especially in an accident or by being killed, or to be destroyed
He believes that Europe must create closer ties or it will be perish
pocieszenie
rozpocznij naukę
solace
(n.) Comfort when you are feeling sad
Music was a great solace to me
zastrzeżenie
rozpocznij naukę
caveat
(n.) A warning to consider something before taking any more action, or a statement that limits a more general statement
He agreed to the interview, with the caveat that he could approve the final article
czyj
rozpocznij naukę
whose
(pronoun / determiner) Used especially in questions when asking about which person owns or is responsible for something
Whose is this bag?
wymiar
rozpocznij naukę
dimension
(n.) A particular part of situation, especially something that affects how you think or feel
Music has added a new dimensions to my life
zamierzony
rozpocznij naukę
intended
(adj.) Planned or meant
Was the offence intended?
zmodyfikować, przerobić
rozpocznij naukę
alter
(v.) To change something, usually slightly, or to cause the characteristics of something to change
Giving up our car has radically altered our lifestyle
mieć tendencję
rozpocznij naukę
tend
(v.) To be likely to behave in a particular way or have a particular characteristic
We tend to get cold winters and warm, dry summers in this part of the country
poprzedzać
rozpocznij naukę
precede
(v.) To be or go before something or someone in time or space
Kofi Annan preceded Ban Ki-moon as the Secretary-General of the UN
znośny
rozpocznij naukę
endurable
(adj.) The fact that something difficult, unpleasant, or painful is possible to deal with
The workload was barely endurable, but the experience was priceless
nerwowy
rozpocznij naukę
hectic
(adj.) Full of activity, or very busy and fast
The area has become a haven for people tired of the hectic pace of city life
nerwowy
rozpocznij naukę
hectic
(adj.) Full of activity, or very busy and fast
The area has become a haven for people tired of the hectic pace of city life
przeplatać
rozpocznij naukę
interweave
(v.) To twist together or combine two or more things so that they cannot be separated easily
She has created am intriguing story by skilfully interweaving fictional and historical events
wieczny
rozpocznij naukę
perpetual
(adj.) Continuing for ever in the same way
He has hard, cold eyes and his mouth is set in a perpetual sneer
zwyczaj
rozpocznij naukę
custom
(n.) A way of behaving or a belief that has been established for a long time
In my country, it's the custom for women to married in white
nakłaniać
rozpocznij naukę
coax
(v.) To persuade someone gently to do something or go somewhere, by being kind and patient, or by appearing to be
Perhaps you could coax your father into taking you to the station
nadzwyczaj
rozpocznij naukę
eminently
(adv.) Very and obviusly
He is eminently qualified for the job
urzędujący
rozpocznij naukę
incumbent
(n.) Holding a particular position in a company, industry, etc. at the present time
This article shows that regime type determines the way and extent to which elections enable voters to reward or sanction
surowy
rozpocznij naukę
stark
(adj.) Empty, simple, or obvious, especially without decoration or anything that is not necessary
The stark reality is that we are operating at a huge loss
rozpraszać
rozpocznij naukę
disperse
(v.) To spread across or move away over a large area, or to make something do this
Police dispersed the crowd that had gathered
narzut
rozpocznij naukę
markup
(n.) The amount by which the price of something is increased before it is sold again
The usual markup on clothes is about 20 percent
zwycięzca bierze wszystko
rozpocznij naukę
winner-take-all
(adj.) Resulting in the entire prize is going to the one competitor who wins
His winner-take-all business tactics shut out would-be competitors
sporne
rozpocznij naukę
contestable
(adj.) A contestable statement, claim, legal decision, etc. is one that is possible to argue about or try to have changed because it may be wrong
What really happened was, and remains to this day, obscure and contestable
ingerować
rozpocznij naukę
interfere
(v.) To involve yourself in a situation when your involvement is not wanted or is not helpful
It's their problem and I'm not going to interfere
drób
rozpocznij naukę
poultry
(n.) Birds, such as chickens, that are bred for their eggs and meat
Some poultry farmers keep turkeys and ducks as well as chickens
granat
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pomegranate
(n.) A type of fruit with a thick and many seeds
The mission was famed for its red wine, and also grew pomegranates, figs and olives
smakować
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savor
(v. / n.) To enjoy food or an experience slowly, in order to enjoy it as much as possible
Love the fact that you are alive and savor everything that life has to offer
głodny
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famished
(adj.) Extremely hungry
Have some dinner with us - you must be famished
łakomstwo
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gluttony
(n.) A situation in which people eat and drink more than they need to
They treat Christmas as just another excuse for gluttony
głód
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famine
(n.) A situation in which there is not enough food for a great number of people, causing illness and death, or a particular period when this happens
Thousands of people emigrated during the Irish potato famine of 1845-46
jadalny
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edible
(adj.) Suitable or safe for eating
Here are some great ideas for edible gifts
wesoły, radosny
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merry
(adj.) Happy or showing enjoyment
She's a merry little soul
szczery
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sincere
(adj.) (of person, feelings, or behaviour) not pretending or lying; honest
He seems so sincere
łańcuch
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chain
(n.) A series of things of the same type connected in a line, or a series of people standing in a line
The synthetic polymer is a plastic composed of long chains of molecules
zaspokajać
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satiate
(v.) To completely satisfy yourself or a need, especially with food or pleasure, so that you could not have any more
He drank greedily until his thirst was satiated
bochenek
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loaf
(n.) Bread or cake that is shaped and baked in a single piece and can be sliced for eating
I made an apple cake and it was so nice I ate the whole loaf myself
strawić
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digest
(v.) To change food in your stomach into substances that your body can use
Your stomach contains acid to help you digest your food
ropucha
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toad
(n.) A small, brown animal with long back legs for swimming and jumping
Urging a return to natural methods of healing, he attributed extraordinary virtues to toads, scorpions, and lizards
zerwać z czymś
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swear of something
(phrasal verb) To make a decision to stop doing, using, or being involved with something harmful, such as drugs or alcohol, or something that is not good or helpful
She swears off candies to lose weight
wlec się
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schlep
(v.) To move yourself or an object with effort and difficulty
Do I really have to schlep all that junk down to the cellar?
obierać
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peel
(v.) To remove the skin of fruit and vegetables
Could you peel the carrots?
mielony
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minced
(adj.) (especially of meat) having been cut up into very small pieces
Give me please minced beef
dusić
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simmer
(v.) To cook something liquid, or something with liquid in it, at the temperature slightly below boiling
Leave the vegetables to simmer for a few minutes
zastrzegać
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stipulate
(v.) To say exactly how something must be or must be done
She agreed to buy the car, but stipulated racing tyres and a turbo-powered engine
dopłata
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surcharge
(n.) A charge in addition to the usual amount paid for something, or the amount already paid
A surcharge may be made for deliveries outside normal hours
punkt zwrotny
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tipping point
(n.) The time at which a change or an effect cannot be stopped
The earth has already passed the tipping point in terms of global warming
prawdopodobieństwo
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likelihood
(n.) The chance that something will happen
This latest dispute greatly the likelihood of a strike
frustrować
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frustrate
(v.) To make someone feel annoyed or less confident because they cannot achieve what they want
If frustrates me that I'm not able to put any of my ideas into practice
frustrować
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frustrate
(v.) To make someone feel annoyed or less confident because they cannot achieve what they want
If frustrates me that I'm not able to put any of my ideas into practice
bezbarwny
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colourless
(adj.) Having no colour
Water and glass are colourless
podtrzymać
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sustain
(v.) To cause or allow something to continue for a period of time
They fuelled economic growth and sustained our social model
zażarty
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fierce
(adj.) Showing strong feeling or energetic activity
Our industries, particularly those facing high energy prices and fierce global competition, are facing existential challenges
borykać się
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grapple
(v.) To fight, especially in order to win something
Europe is grappling with rising geopolitical tensions, slow economic growth and technological competition
nadrzędny
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overarching
(adj.) Most important, because of including or affecting all other areas
The Clean Industrial Deal brings together climate action and competitiveness under one overarching growth strategy
pielęgnować
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nurture
(v.) To take care of, feed, and protect someone or something, especially young children or plants, and help him, her, or it to develop
This will be achieved by nurturing competitive manufactures who drive decarbonization through innovation
nieodzowny
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indispensable
(adj.) Something or someone that is indispensable is so good or important that you could not manage without it, him or her
It is indispensable to act for both to reach out climate neutrality targets, absorb emissions and maintain water resilience
wdrożenie
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rollout
(n.) The act of making something, especially a product or service, available for the first time
Since its rollout in fall of 1999, the online service has gained milions of members
ocenić
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assess
(v.) To judge or decide the amount, value, quality or importance of something
Firmly recognizing the Member States' rights to decide on the energy mix, the Commission will assess the Member State aid for nuclear supply chains and technologies in line withs the Treaty and with respect to technological neutrality
sprzyjający
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conducive
(adj.) Providing the right conditions for something good to happen or exist
Member States should urgently conclude the negotiations on the Energy Taxation Directive to make the tax framework more conducive to electrification and not intensive industry investing in decarbonization
przewlekły
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lenghty
(adj.) Continuing for a long time
Lenghty permit-granting are also a major concern for energy-intensive industries that want to electrify
nadrzędny
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overriding
(adj.) More important than anything else
The government's overriding concern is to reduce inflation
milczący
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tacit
(adj.) Understood without being expressed directly
The decision to settle out of court was seen as a tacit admission of guilty
nadzór
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oversight
(n.) Systems or actions to control an activity and make sure that it is done correctly and legally
Lawmakers are questioning whether the industry needs more government oversight
luka; furtka
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loophole
(n.) A failure to included something in an agreement or law, which allows someone to do something illegal or to avoid doing something
They plan to close a loophole that allows businesses to avoid paying off redundant workers
bez zakłóceń
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seamless
(adj.) Without noticeable change from one part to the next
The department hopes this will be a seamless transition from one computer system to another
dopasować
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align
(v.) To change something so that it has a correct relationship to something else
More scientific methods of aligning boardroom pay with shareholder returns are needed
zdobyć
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procure
(v.) To get something, especially after an effort
Europe should be more strategic about procuring raw and secondary materials to drastically reduce our exposure to unreliable suppliers and prevent supply disruptions
niezawodny
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reliable
(adj.) Someone or something that is reliable can be trusted or believed because he, she or it works or behaves well in the way you expect
Gideon is very reliable - if he says he'll do something, he'll do it
osadzony
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embedded
(adj.) Fixed into the surface of something
The thorn was embedded in her thumb
zdemontować
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dismantle
(v.) To take a machine or something complicated apart, usually to make it unable to work
We must not only dismantle regulatory barriers but also facilitate the significant scaling up of investments to supply the secondary raw materials that industrial manufacturing needs
jeżeli chodzi o
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regarding
(preposition) About
Bearing in mind its hazardous properties, the Commission will adopt specific measures regarding black mass
nadmierny
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undue
(adj.) To a level that is more than is necessary, acceptable, or reasonable
Such a high increase will impose an undue burden on the local tax payer
przejść
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undergo
(v.) To experience something or to be the subject of a process
She underwant an operation on a tumour in her leg lung last year
deprecjacja
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depreciation
(n.) The process of losing value
Moreover, for 1988-1990, the current net price resource depreciation was almost the same as total public investment in education
nadwyżka
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surplus
(n.) (an amount that is) more than is needed
This proposal will simplify and provide for the re-use of surpluses from the European Fund for Strategic Investment as well as reflows from legacy financial instruments and facilitate equity support
ponosić
rozpocznij naukę
bear
(v.) To accept, tolerate, or endure something especially something unpleasant
The Commission is putting forward an amendment of the InvestEU Regulation to increase InvestEU's risk bearing capacity
przewodzić; grot
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spearhead
(v. / n.) To lead something such as an attack or course of action; A person or group that leads an organized activity or project
Germany, Austria, Lithuania, and Spain have spearhead efforts in this respect by unlocking additional founding for RFNBO hydrogen projects
bezpieczne
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secure
(adj.) Positioned or fixed firmly and correctly and therefore not likely to move, fall, or break
That ladder doesn't look very secure to me
pieczęć
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seal
(n.) An official mark on a document, sometimes made with wax, that shows that it is legal or has been officially approved
The lawyer stamped the certificate with her seal
składać (np. oświadczenie)
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lodge
(v.) Lodge a claim, complaint, protest etc.
A label for cement will be created under Construction Products Regulation, and a standardisation request will shortly be lodged
czerpać
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reap
(v.) To get the advantages of a particular situation or to make a large amount of money or a big profit
Vigorous participation in the European Union is vital if the country wants to reap the benefits of globalization
zamówienia publiczne
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public procurement
(n.) The buying of goods and services by government organizations
There are strict rules on public procurement
wdrożenie
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deployment
(n.) The use of something or someone in an effective way
You have our full support for the rapid deployment of these systems
zapobiec
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avert
(v.) To prevent something bad from happening
The last-minute agreement averted renewed fighting
przewidywać
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envisage
(v.) To imagine or expect something in the future, especially something good
It's hard to envisage how it might happen
pogarszać; złożenie
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compound
(v. / n.) To make a problem or difficult situation worse; Mix two things together
Most tyres are made of rubber compounded with other chemicals and materials
warstwa
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layer
(n.) A thin sheet of a substance on top of a surface, or a level of material that is different from the material on either side
The road was built up with layers of crushed stone and asphalt
sygnał; dawać sygnał
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cue
(n. / v.) A signal for someone to do something / To give someone a signal to do something
You open the door when I give you the cue
pragnienie
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craving
(n.) A strong feeling of wanting something
I have a craving of wanting something
niejasność
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vagueness
(n.) The quality of not being clearly expressed, known, described, or decided
The main disadvantage of this definition is its vagueness
urzekać
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captivate
(v.) To hold the attention of someone by being extremely interesting, exciting, pleasant, or attractive
With her beauty and charm, she captivated film audiences everywhere
dobić targu
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nail something down
(phrasal verb) To agree the details of a decision, an agreement, etc. so that something can happen
The government hopes to nail down a deal with China by year's end
pycha
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hubris
(n.) A way of talking or behaving that is too proud
He was punished for his hubris
powtarzające się
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recurring
(adj.) Happening many times, or happening again
Francis suffered all his life from a recurring nightmare that he was trapped in a falling house
dozorca
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janitor
(n.) A person employed to take care of a large building, such as a school, and who deals with the cleaning, repairs, etc.
Yet the masters and janitor exercised considerable powers over the boys
rama; tworzyć ramy
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frame
(n. / v.) A border that surrounds and supports a picture, door, or window; To carefully plan or organize ideas, suggestions, methods, etc., in a particular way
This instructions presents a general frame of the organization
pogwałcenie
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breach
(n. / v.) An act of breaking a law, promise, agreement, or relationship
They felt that our discussions with other companies constituted a breach of our agreement
dwuznaczny
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ambiguous
(adj.) Having or expressing more than one possible meaning, sometimes intentionally
The wording of the is ambiguous
schludny
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neat
(adj.) Tidy, with everything in its place
You have such neat handwriting
pozornie; wygląda na to
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seemingly
(adv.) Appearing to be something, especially when this is not true; According to the facts that you know
He remains confident and seemingly untroubled by his recent problems
próżność
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vanity
(n.) The fact that you are too interested in your appearance or achievements
He wants the job purely for reasons of vanity and ambition
osąd
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judgment
(n.) A decision or opinion about someone or something that you form after thinking carefully
It proved difficult to come make a judgement about how well the school was performing
migotać
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glimmer
(v. / n.) To shine with a weak light or a light that is not continuous
The lights of the village were glimmering in the distance
usiłować
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strive
(v.) To try very hard to do something or to make something happen, especially for a long time or against difficulties
She also had strived to retire on a sufficient pension
ostrożny
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prudent
(adj.) Careful and avoiding risks
It's always prudent to read a contract carefully before singing it
współudział
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complicit
(adj.) Involved in or knowing about a crime or some activity that is wrong
She was accused of being complicit in her husband's death
dwuznaczność
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ambiguity
(n.) The fact of something having more than one possible meaning and therefore possibly causing confusion
There are some ambiguities in the legislation
schowany
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tucked away
(idiom) Hidden or difficult to find
Van's house is tucked away at the end of the road
wnioskowanie
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inference
(n.) A guess that you make or an opinion that you form based on the information that you have
His change of mind was recent and sudden, the inference being that someone had persuaded him
młotek licytacyjny
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gavel
(n.) A small hammer used by an official in charge of a meeting for hitting a wooden block or table in order to get people's attention
The judge banged her gavel and said, "Quiet, please!"
odwrotnie
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conversely
(adv.) In an opposite way
The staff of any organisation are its best ambassadors or conversely may be it worst
narzucać
rozpocznij naukę
impose
(v.) To officially force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed or received
Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes
skłonić
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prompt
(v.) To make something happen
Recent worries over the president's health have prompted speculation over his political future
uderzająco
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strikingly
(adv.) In a way that is very unusual or easily noticed and therefore attracts a lot of attention
Her husband is strikingly handsome
i tak dalej
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and so on
(phrase) Together with other things
We can analyse the food for calories, cholesterol, minerals, and so on
energiczny
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vigorous
(adj.) Very forceful or energetic
There has been vigorous opposition to the proposals for a new road
subtelnie
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subtly
(adv.) In a way that is small and difficult to notice or describe, but important
This discovery had subtly changed the way I thought about myself
zdewastować; wrak
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wreck
(v. / n.) To destroy or badly damage something; A vehicle or ship that has been destroyed or badly damaged
The explosion shattered nearby windows and wrecked two cars
pedał
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pedal
(n.) A small part of machine or object that is punished down with the foot to operate or move the machine or object
The sewing machine is operated by a foot pedal
pług; orać
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plow
(n. / v.) A large tool with blades that digs the soil in fields so that seeds can be planted; To dig land with a plow
The farmer plowed the field
ciąża
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gestation
(n.) The development of a baby child or animal inside it's mother's body
Elephants have a long gestation period
bodziec; impet
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impetus
(n.) Something that makes an activity or process happen or continue with more speed or energy
His visit gave new impetus to the peace process
krótkowzroczny
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shortsighted
(adj.) Not thinking enough about how an action will affect the future
It's very shortsighted of the government not to invest in technological research
wiodący
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leading-edge
(adj.) In or at the most advanced position in an area of activity
This is very important, leading-edge project
wlać; wdzierać się
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pour
(v.) To (cause to) flow quickly and in large amounts
The bus was pouring out thick black exhaust fumes
błoto
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mire
(n.) An area of deep, wet, sticky earth; An unpleasant situation that is difficult to escape
We must not be drawn into the mire of civil war
owinąć
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wrap
(v.) To cover or surround something with paper, cloth, or other material
Wrap the chicken in foil and cook it for two hours
dążyć do; kontynuować
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pursue
(v.) If you pursue a plan, activity, or situation, you try to do it or achieve it, usually over a long period of time; To follow someone or something, usually to try to catch him, her, or it
She is ruthless in pursuing her goals
wymazać
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obliterate
(v.) To remove all signs of something, either by destroying it or by covering it so that it cannot be seen
The missile strike was devastating - the target was totally obliterated
przeć; nacisk
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thrust
(v. / n.) To push suddenly and strongly
The bodyguards thrust past the crowd to get at the cameraman
zwrot odebranych pieniędzy
rozpocznij naukę
clawback
(n.) A situation in which a government or company takes back money that it has already paid
Company clawback provisions would force executives who commit fraud to return bonuses and pay
wyrażać
rozpocznij naukę
convey
(v.) To express a thought, feeling, or idea so that it is understood by other people
I tried to convey in my speech how grateful we all were for his help
stawka; udział
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stake
(n.) The amount of money that you risk on the result of something such as a game or competition; A share or a financial involvement in something such as a business
The stowaways are trying to raise the stakes by refusing to ear until they are given money and aid
szarpnąć; klucz
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wrench
(n.) To pull and twist something suddenly or violently away from its position; A tool for holding and turning objects, especially one that can be made larger and smaller
His hands were tied but he managed to wrench himself free
wałach
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gelding
(n.) A male horse that has had its testicles removed
A gelding is a castrated male horse or other equine, such as a pony, donkey or a mule
pod spodem
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underneath
(preposition; adv.) Under or below
The tunnel goes right underneath the city
łono
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womb
(n.) The organ in the body of a women or other female mammal in which a baby develops before birth
Researchers are looking at how a mother's health can affect the baby in the womb
współzawodniczyć
rozpocznij naukę
vie
(v.) To compete with other people to achieve or get something
Six candidates are currently vying for the Democratic presidential nomination
nabyć
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acquire
(v.) To get or obtain something
From humble beginnings he went to acquire great wealth
upośledzać
rozpocznij naukę
impair
(v.) To spoil something or make it weaker so that it is less effective
A recurring knee injury may have impaired his chances of winning the tournament
ujarzmić; uprząż
rozpocznij naukę
harness
(n.) To collect and control something so that it can be used effectively; A piece of equipment with straps and belts, used to control or hold in place a person, animal, or object
Plans to help developing countries harness the power of technology are important in the fight against global warming
raptownie
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abruptly
(adv.) In a sudden, unexpected, and sometimes unpleasant way
He stood up abruptly and went outside
wzór
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pattern
(n.) A particular way in which something is done, us organized, or happens
The pattern of family life has been changing over recent years
kłopotliwe położenie
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predicament
(n.) An unpleasant situation that is difficult to get out of
I'm in a bit of a predicament because I've accidentally accepted two invitations to dinner on the same night
istotność; waga
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salience
(n.) The fact of being important to or connected with what is happening or being discussed
The salience of these facts was questioned by several speakers
dojrzewanie płciowe
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puberty
(n.) The stage in people's lives when they develop from a child into an adult because of changes in their body that make them able to have children
At puberty, pubic hair develops and girls being to menstruate
cień
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shade
(n.) Slight darkness caused by something blocking the direct light from the sun
The sun was bot, and there were no trees to offer us shade
umniejszać
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diminish
(v.) To reduce or be reduced in size or importance
I don't want to diminish her achievements, but she did have a lot of help
nawiązywać do czegoś
rozpocznij naukę
allude to something
(phrasal verb) To mention someone or something without talking about him, her or it directly
She mentioned some trouble that she'd at home and I guessed she was alluding to her son
wywoływać; uzyskiwać
rozpocznij naukę
elicit
(v.) To get or produce something, especially information or a reaction
The conference elicited a number of distinguish paper, and the proceedings will soon be published
wywierać
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exert
(v.) To use something such as authority, power, influence, etc. in order to make something happen
Some managers exert considerable pressure on their staff to work extra hours without being paid
kluczowy fakt
rozpocznij naukę
takeaway
(n.) A main message or piece of information that you learn from something you hear or read
His takeaway message to the students was to never accept injustice
w wyniku czego
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whereby
(adv. / conjunction) By which way or method
They've set up a plan whereby you can spread the cost over a two-year period
wąski
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narrow
(adj.) Having a small distance from one side to the other, especially in comparison with the length
The little village has very narrow streets
przechylać
rozpocznij naukę
tilt
(v. / n.) To (cause to) move into a sloping position
He tilted his chair backwards and his feet up on his desk
elementy zewnętrzne
rozpocznij naukę
externalities
(n.) In economics, an externality is an indirect cost or benefit to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party's activity
In the review, climate change is described as an economic externality
nie do przyjęcia
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non-starter
(n.) An idea, plan, or person with no chance of success
The proposal was a non-starter from the beginning because there was no possibility of funding
życzliwy; dobroczynny
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benevolent
(adj.) Kind and helpful; Giving money or help to people or organizations that need it
He was a benevolent old man and wouldn't hurt a fly
amalgamat
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amalgam
(n.) A combination of parts that create a complete whole
Nearly every new parent feels an amalgam of joy and terror
podstępny
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crafty
(adj.) Clever, especially in a dishonest or secret way
We ought to penalise that small body of crafty employers who desire to evade their responsibilities
przenikać
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pervade
(v.) When qualities, characteristics, or smells pervade a place or thing, they spread through it and are present in every part of it
The film movie is a reflection of the violence that pervades our culture
równanie; zestaw faktów mających wpływ na określoną sytuację
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equation
(n.) A mathematical statement in which you show that two amounts are equal using methmatical symbols; A situation, especially when it is considered to be complicated and made up of many different parts
A WTO cannot afford to ignore the trade side of the equation
upiększanie historii; haft
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embroidery
(n.) The way that someone makes a story more entertaining by adding imaginary details to it
There were few political embroideries; but those we accept in good part
szperać
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rummage
(v.) To search for something that is difficult to find among other things
She rummaged in all the drawers, looking for a pen
różnorodność
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variety
(n.) The characteristic of often changing and being different
Sexual reproduction serves to create genetic variety
tkactwo ręczne
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handweaving
(n.) The art or technique of weaving on a handloom
She learned the art of handweaving from her grandmother
endogenny
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endogenous
(adj.) Found or coming from within something, for example a system or a person's body or mind
Evidently, the modeling of endogenous movements of wages and interest rates is important
przepustowość
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bandwidth
(n.) A measurement of the amount of information that can be sent between computers, through a phone line, etc.
I don't have the bandwidth to read stuff I know isn't going to lead to productive discussion
anegdota
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anecdote
(n.) A short, often funny, especially about something someone has done
He told one or two amusing anecdotes about his years as a policeman
robić aluzję do kogoś/czegoś
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allude to someone/somebody
(phrasal verb) To mention someone or something without talking about him, her or it directly
He alluded to problems with the new computers
ekspert
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pundit
(n.) An expert in a particular subject or field who is frequently called upon to give their opinions to the public
Pundits, free trade “globalists,” and MAGA nationalists contend full-time on cable television
szyć
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sew
(v.) Join, fasten, or repair (something) by making stitches with a needle and thread or a sewing machine
Pressers, mostly Italian men, both new immigrants and older generations, transformed the sewn coat into its familiar shape
szeregowy
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rank-and-file
(n. / adj.) The ordinary members of an organization as opposed to its leaders
Deteriorating conditions in the shops generated a rank-and-file revolt
warstwa
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stratum
(n.) A level or class to which people are assigned according to their social status, education, or income / A layer or a series of layers of rock in the ground
Everyone there belonged to the same social stratum - dirt poor
wyrzucać
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eject
(v.) To push, throw, or force something out of a place
In Philadelphia, several hundred angry members attended the Joint Board meeting and were eventually ejected
sterowanie / sterowniczy
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steer
(v. / n.) To take someone or something or make someone or something go in the direction in which you want him, her, or it:
The main task of the new government will be to steer the country towards democracy
silny / wytrzymały
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sturdy
(adj.) Strong and determined
Now we are told that they will bring their capital back and invest it here behind a sturdy tariff wall
niewykonalność
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infeasibility
(n.) The state of being impractical or not doable
Alas, well before US President Donald Trump’s re-election, this aim slipped into the realm of infeasibility
jedyny / podeszwa
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sole
(adj. / n.) Being one only, single; The bottom part of the foot that touches the ground when you stand or walk, or the bottom part of a shoe that touches the ground, usually not including the heel
European leaders' sole strategic aim turned to dust - a reality that would have become undeniable regardless of who won the US presidency last November
czarować
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conjure
(v.). To make something appear by magic, or as if by magic
Even if the European Commission and Council could wave a magic wand to conjure a large, well-armed EU army into existence, who would have the democratic authority to send it into battle to kill and be killed?
analiza (lustracja)
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scrutiny
(n.) The careful and detailed examination of something in order to get information about it
Large headline figures were again being tossed about, only to be exposed on closer scrutiny as smoke and mirrors
kryzys / osunąć się
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slump
(n. / v.) A fall in the price, value, sales, etc. of something / (of prices, values, or sales) to fall suddenly
ReArm will, however, almost certainly drive the EU deeper into its pre-existing economic slump – the underlying cause of Europe’s weakness
mieszać
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mingle
(v.) To mix or combine, or be mixed or combined
The excitement of starting a new job is always mingled with certain apprehension
nieubłagany
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inexorable
(adj.) Continuing without any possibility of being stopped
The inexorable progress of science
oskarżenie; akt oskarżenia
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indictment
(n.) Something that shows a policy, system, society, etc. is bad or wrong
It seems to me to be a damning indictment of the government's education policy
bezmyślny; próżny
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vacuous
(adj.) Not showing purpose, meaning, or intelligence; empty
To seem real to your readers, your characters must not be vacuous, but complex human beings with ordinary difficulties and goals
chroniczny
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chronic
(adj.) (especially of disease or something bad) continuing for a long time
There is a chronic shortage of teachers
zaspokojenie
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appeasement
(n.) Appeasement is a diplomatic strategy where concessions are made to an agressive power to avoid conflict, often with the hope of preventing war
Critics of appeasement say it can result in world war
przyćmić
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dwarf
(v.) If one thing dwarfs another, it makes it seem small by comparison
The new crisis may well dwarf most that have gone before
przestrzegać; tolerować
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abide
(v.) Cannot tolerate; to fallow or obey
You must abide by the terms of the contract
ulec
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succumb
(v.) To lose the determination to oppose something; to accept defeat; to die or suffer badly from an illness
I felt sure it would only be a matter of time before he succumbed to my charms
wzburzony; rozszalały
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raging
(adj.) Very severe or extreme; very strong or violent
She was filled a raging anger after hearing the news
przeddzień
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eve
(n.) The day or period before an improvement event
Mrs Clayton was speaking to Arab journalists in Paris on the eve of her visit to Egypt
zniechęcające
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daunting
(adj.) Making you feel slightly frightened or worried about your ability to achieve something
The country was faced with the daunting prospect of overcoming four decades of division
angażować
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engage
(v.) To interest someone in something and keep them thinking about it
The debate about food safety has engaged the whole nation
kaprys
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whim
(n.) A sudden wish to do something without a reason
My schedule is not subject to the whim of lunatics
powtarzać wielokrotnie
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iterate
(v.) To repeat a process
Unfortunately, this naive implementation destructs and rebuilds the argument while iterating over its type structure
niepotrzebnie coś powtarzać
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battologize
(v.) To repeat excessively; To repeat words, phrases, etc., to an excessive and tiresome degree
During his speech, the candidate began to battologize, repeating the same promises over and over until the crowd grew restless
nieznośny
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tiresome
(adj.) Annoying and making you lose patience
He has the tiresome habit of finishing your sentences for you
skłonność
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proclivity
(n.) The fact that someone likes something or likes to do something, especially something considered morally wrong
Another factor that undermined the influence of intelligence with civilian decision makers was the military proclivity for 'worst-case' assessments
dawać do zrozumienia
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intimate
(v.) To make clear what you think or want without saying it directly
She has intimated that she will resign if she loses the vote
mętny; nieprzezroczysty
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opaque
(adj.) Difficult to understand; preventing light from traveling through, and therefore not allowing you to see through it
The majority of readers found his poetry difficult, even opaque
predykat
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predicate
(n.) Something that is affirmed or denied of the subject of a proposition
In classical logic, a predicate express a property or relation that a subject either possesses or lacks
czas wolny
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leisure
(n.) The time when you are not working or doing other duties
The balance between work and leisure is changing
zawiłość
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intricacy
(n.) Complicated details
No one knows the intricacies of the issue better than these two
zdarzenie; występowanie
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occurrence
(n.) Something that happens or is present
It is a rare occurrence to win the lottery
utrzymywać
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maintain
(v.) To make a situation or activity continue in the same way
The army has been brought in to maintain order in the region
rozpowszechniony
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prevalent
(adj.) Common; widespread
Lung diseases used to be prevalent among miners
powstać
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arise
(v.) If a problem arises, it starts happen
The whole problem arose from a lack of communication
dziwny; okazjonalny
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odd
(adj.) Strange or unusual; not happening often
He's odd, I don't know why you are friends with him
obmyślić
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concive
(v.) To think of an idea or plan
The original idea for the novel was conceived in Rome
nieumyślnie
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inadvertently
(adj.) When something happens without deliberate planning od intention
I inadvertently trod on someone's foot
dysproporcja
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disparity
(n.) Difference
Such disparities do not provide a healthy future for either community
zajęcie obciążonej hipoteki
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foreclosure
(n.) The action of taking back property that was bought with borrowed money because the money was not being paid back as formally agreed
She is another homeowner facing foreclosure
uporać się z czymś; stawiać czoło
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tackle
(v.) To try to deal with something or someone
The new Market Definition Notice adopted by the European Commission in 2024 tackles precisely the question of market boundaries
siła oddziaływania
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clout
(n.) Power or influence over the other people or events
While firm scale may provide some political clout domestically, it seems doubtful that mere consolidation would significantly tilt balances of power in international relations
jedyny
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mere
(adj.) Used to emphasize that something is not large or important
The doll costs mere 20 dollars
wątpliwy
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doubtful
(adj.) If you are doubtful about something, you are uncertain about it
It was doubtful that the money would ever be found again
targowanie się
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bargaining
(n.) Discussion between people in order to reach agreement on something such as prices, wages, working conditions, etc.
After tough bargaining, the plan has been agreed upon with the unions
przebiegły
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cunning
(adj.) Sly, clever at being deceitful
The general devised a cunning plan to surprise enemy
wymyślać
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devise
(v.) Plan or invent (a complex procedure, system, or mechanism) by careful thought
A training programme should be devised
ambiwalentny
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ambivalent
(adj.) Having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone
The manager was ambivalent about the proposed merger
gorliwiec
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zealot
(adj.) Someone passionately devoted to a cause
The political zealot walked over a thousand miles to get people to sign his petition
pod presją
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under the gun
(adj.) Under pressure
He's been under the gun to finish the project
winny
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culpable
(adj.) Deserving blame
He was culpable of the crime, and was sentenced to perform community service for 75 years
akt wewnętrzny
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by-law
(n.) A rule made by a group or organization
The club's by-law prohibit late-night meetings
rosły
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stalwart
(adj.) Having rugged physical strength
The stalwart firefighter carried the injured person to safety
objawieniowy
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epiphanous
(adj.) Of or relating to an epiphany or sudden realization
The epiphanous moment changed the course of her research
zjadliwy; cięty
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scathing
(adj.) Sharp, critical, hurtful
Two hours after breaking up with Russel, Suzanne thought of the perfect scathing retort to his accusations
ukryty
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covert
(adj.) Secretly engaged in
Nerwin waged a covert campaign against his enemies, while outwardly appearing to remain friendly
pozornie
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outwardly
(adv.) In a way that relates to how people, situations, or things seem to be, rather than how they are inside
Many of my relations in America seem outwardly to be happy
część skladowa
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constituent
(n.) An essential part
The most important constituent of her perfume is something called ambergris
retroaktywny
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retroactive
(adj.) Affects things from the past
The law was made retroactive to January
natrętny
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importunate
(adj.) Very persistent in request or demands
He was importunate for an answer
kąśliwy; stanowczy
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trenchant
(adj.) Severe, expressing strong criticism or forceful opinion
His most trenchant criticism is reserved for the party leader, whom he describes as "the most incompetent and ineffectual the party has known"
pociągać za sobą
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entail
(v.) To include as a necessary step
Building a new fance entails tearing down the old one
irytować; coś irytującego
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peeve
(v. / n.) To annoy someone; Be something that's annoying
What peeved her most was his thoughtlessness
irytująca rzecz
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pet peeve
(n.) Something that especially annoys you
Weak coffee is one of my pet peeve
odpowiadać; zareagować
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respond
(v.) To say or do something as a reaction to something that has been said or done
I asked her what the time was, but she didn't respond
przeszkadzać; silić się
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bother
(v.) To annoy or cause problems for someone
Don't bother your father when he's working
śmieci
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litter
(n.) Small pieces of rubbish that have been left laying on the ground in public places
About two percent of fast-food packaging ends up as litter
uprzejmy
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courteous
(adj.) Polite and showing respect
Although she often disagreed with me, she was always courteous
obrzydliwy
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gross
(adj.) Extreme in a way that is very obviously wrong and unacceptable
Both sides in the debate are prone to gross exaggeration
wyolbrzymiać
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exaggerate
(v.) To make something seem larger, more important, better, or worse than it really is
The threat of attack has been greatly exaggerated
przekleństwo
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profanity
(n.) Words that are offensive because of not respecting religion, or offensive because of being rude
The film contains profanity and violence
winić
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blame
(v.) To say something or think that someone or something did something wrong or is responsible for something bad happening
Don't blame me if you miss the bus!
opanowany
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composed
(adj.) Calm and in control of your emotions
She looked remarkably composed throughout the funeral
montować; gromadzić się
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assemble
(v.) To make something by joining separate parts; To come together in a single place or bring parts in a single group
Furniture that is easy to assemble
rozwaga
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prudence
(n.) Behaviour that is careful and avoids risks
The firm was commended for its financial prudence
czystość
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cleanliness
(n.) The state of being clean, or the act of keeping things clean
All civilized nations, he wrote, pay greats attention to scientific and modern rules of cleanliness and health
pokora
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humility
(n.) The quality of not being proud because you are aware of your bad qualities
He doesn't have the humility to admit when he's wrong
nadmiernie
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unduly
(adv.) More than is necessary, acceptable, or reasonable
There's no need to be unduly pessimistic about the situation
żywiołowy
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exuberant
(adj.) (esp. of people or their behavior) very energetic, and showing the happiness of being alive
He is an exuberant dancer
przygnębiony
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despondent
(adj.) Unhappy and with no hope or enthusiasm
He became increasingly despondent when she failed to return his phone calls
rozbawienie
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amusement
(n.) The feeling of being entertained or made to laugh
I play the piano just for my own amusement
nadmiar
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excess
(n.) An amount that is more than acceptable, expected, or reasonable
An excess of enthusiasm is not always a good thing
niedobór
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deficiency
(n.) The state of not having, or not having enough, of something that is needed
Pregnant women often suffer from iron deficiency
przywiązanie; załącznik
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attachment
(n.) A feeling of love or strong connection to someone or something
At university I formed a strong attachment to one of my tutors
cieszyć
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rejoice
(v.) To feel or show great happiness about something
Everyone rejoiced at the news of his safe return
bunt
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mutiny
(n.) An occasion when a group of people, especially soldiers or sailors, refuses to obey orders and attempts to take control from people in authority
There were rumours of mutiny among the troops
szlochać
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weep
(v.) To cry tears
People in the street wept with joy when peace was announced
motłoch
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mob
(n.) A large, angry crowd, especially one that could easily become violent
The angry mob outside the jail was ready to riot
dyfundować; szerzyć
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diffuse
(v.) To (cause something to) spread in many directions
Television is a powerful means of diffusing knowledge
przeglądać
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browse
(v.) To look at or through something to see what is there
I like to browse through a book before reading it
fragment; wybierać ustęp
rozpocznij naukę
excerpt
(n. / v.) A short part taken from a speech, book, film, etc.; To take a small part from a speech, book, film, etc. in order to publish it separately
I want you to watch another excerpt from the film
składać; gromadzić się
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assemble
(v.) To make something by joining separate parts together; To come together in a single place or bring parts together in a single group
I'm assembling a new Ikea cupboard
nieopierzony; niedoświadczony
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callow
(adj.) Inexperienced or immature
The callow intern was eager to learn
chętny
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eager
(adj.) Wanting very much to do or have something, especially something interesting or enjoyable
I am always eager to help
dywagacja
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divagation
(n.) Wandering off from the main path of topic
His talk was full of interesting divagation
strach
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dread
(n.) To feel extremely worried or frightened about something that is going to happen or that might happen
The dread of the death often makes us passive
wartość
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merit
(n.) The quality of being good and deserving praise
Brierley's book had the merit of being both informative and readable
odnowienie
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renewal
(n.) A process in which something improves or os improved after being in a bad condition
The challenge we need to resolve is our economic renewal
wkraczać; naruszać
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encroach
(v.) To take control or possession of something in a gradual way and often without being noticed
The farmers encroached on forest land to grew crops
nieudolny; niekompetentny
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inept
(adj.) Not skilled or effective
My inept attorney should have brought that out in court, but never mind
korzystny
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expedient
(adj.) Advisable, advantageous, serving one's self-interest
In his bid of reelection, the governor made an expedient move by tabling all controversial legislation
nędza
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penury
(n.) Severe lack of resources or extreme poverty
My uncle wasted his fortune and died in penury
pozdrowienie
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salutation
(n.) A greeting
Andrew regularly began letters with the bizarre salutation "ahoy ahoy"
pozbawiony czegoś
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devoid
(adj.) To lack or be without something that is necessary or usual
He seems to be devoid of compassion
natychmiastowy
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immediate
(adj.) Happening or done without delay
We must make an immediate response
wyróżniający się
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standout
(n.) Someone or something that you notice especially because they are an excellent example or the best example of something
While all the desserts are pretty good, the clear standout is the lemon pie
nieuchwytny
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elusive
(adj.) Difficult to describe, find, achieve, or remember
The answers to these questions remain as elusive as ever
zmuszony
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compelled
(adj.) Having to do something, because you are forced to or feel it is necessary
He felt compelled to report the incident
również
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likewise
(adv.) In the same way
Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom
gęsty
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dense
(adj.) Having parts that are close together so that it is difficult to go or see through
Either side of the river is dense, impenetrable jungle
problem; przeszkoda
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hurdle
(n.) A frame or fence for jumping over in a race; A problem that you have to deal with before you can make progress
The cost of this exercise is proving to be a major hurdle
pat
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stalemate
(n.) A situation in which neither group involved in an argument can win or get an advantage and no action can be taken
Tomorrow's meeting between the two leaders is expected to break a diplomatic stalemate that has lasted for ten years
złośliwy
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vicious
(adj.) Vicious people or actions show an intention or wish to hurt someone or something very badly
The police said that this was one of the most vicious attacks they'd ever seen
niegodziwość
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iniquity
(n.) Wickedness or sin
"Your iniquity" said the priest to the practical jokester, "will be forgiven"
klika; zebrać się w ścisłym gronie
rozpocznij naukę
caucus
(n.) (a meeting of) a small group of people in a political party or organization who have a lot of influence, or who have similar interests
The ironworkers held a caucus to determine how much of pay increase they would request
giętki
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pliable
(adj.) Flexible
Aircraft wings are designed to be somewhat pliable so they do not break in heavy turbulence
zgodzić się
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concur
(v.) Be of the same opinion, agree
All members concur on the decision
spożytkować
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utilize
(v.) To use something effectively
We need to utilize all available resources
unieważnić
rozpocznij naukę
annul
(v.) To make void or invalid
After seeing its unforseen and catastrophic effects, Congress sought to annul the law
krnąbrny
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fractious
(adj.) Troublesome or irritable
Although the child insisted he wasn't tired, his fractious behavior convinced everyone otherwise
skłonność
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inclination
(n.) A tendency, propensity
Neither of us has the time or inclination for emotional complications
wałęsać się
rozpocznij naukę
roam
(v.) Move about aimlessly or without any destinantion
Her eyes roamed through the room
odpoczynek
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repose
(v. / n.) To rest, lie down
After a vigorous hike in the mountains, we decided to repose and let our muscles recover
oczarować
rozpocznij naukę
enthrall
(v.) To charm, hold spellbound
The sailor's stories of fighting off sharks and finding ancient treasures enthralled his young son
zuchwałość
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temerity
(n.) Audacity, recklessness
She confronted the intruder with a courage bordering on temerity
odpowiedni; przeznaczać
rozpocznij naukę
appropriate
(adj. / v.) Suitable or right for a particular situation or occasion; To keep an amount of money to use for a particular purpose
Is this an appropriate occasion to discuss finance?
czcić
rozpocznij naukę
venerate
(v.) Regard with great respect; revere
He would be a rich man for life, with a house of his own, a wife, and children growing up to venerate him
zgubny
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deleterious
(adj.) Harmful
Divorce is assumed to have deleterious effects on children
kwestionować
rozpocznij naukę
impugn
(v.) Dispute the truth, validity, or honesty of (a statement or motive); call into questio
The father does not impugn her capacity as a good mother
koherentny
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coherent
(adj.) (of an argument, theory, or policy) logical and consistent
They failed to develop a coherent economic strategy
sojusz
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alliance
(n.) A union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organzations
The alliance between the two companies led to innovative collaborations
wyrzut; robić wyrzut
rozpocznij naukę
reproach
(n. / v.) To criticize someone, especially for not being successful or not doing what is expected:
His mother reproached him for not eating all his dinner
pączkować
rozpocznij naukę
burgeon
(v.) To develop or grow quickly
But, as the population burgeoned in recent decades, traditional economies faltered and were supplanted by agricultural production reliant on few species
polemika
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polemic
(n.) A piece of writing or a speech in which a person strongly attacks or defends a particular opinion, person, idea, or set of beliefs
Secondly, and more importantly, it transforms reviewing into polemic
przypochlebiać się
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cajole
(v.) To persuade someone to do something they might not want to do, by pleasant talk and promises, sometimes ones which are false
He really knows how to cajole people into doing what he wants
dwuznaczny
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equivocal
(adj.) Not clear and seeming to have two opposing meanings, or confusing and able to be understood in two different ways
For if a theological term does not signify a common, univocal property, it will necessarily be equivocal
przypisywać sobie coś
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arrogate
(v.) To take something without having the right to do so
They arrogate to themselves the power to punish people
rzekomy
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ostensible
(adj.) Appearing or claiming to be one thing when it is really something else:
Their ostensible goal was to clean up government corruption, but their real aim was to unseat the government
grzęzawisko; tarapaty
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quagmire
(n.) An area of soft, wet ground that you sink into if you try to walk on it; A difficult and dangerous situation
Since the coup, the country has sunk deeper into a quagmire of violence and lawlessness
miłować; pielęgnować
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cherish
(v.) To love, protect, and care for someone or something that is important to you
Venerated as a fount of communal identity, cherished as a precious and endangered resource, yesterday became less and less like today
poparcie
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endorsement
(n.) The act of saying that you approve of or support something or someone
When a 40-year-old economics professor at Harvard University named Dani Rodrik was preparing to publish his first book in 1997, he sent the manuscript to a fellow economist to ask for an endorsement
minusem
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downside
(n.) A disadvantage of situation or a thing
The title of Rodrik's book was 'Has Globalization Gone Too Far?', and it argued that without government policies to mitigate the downside of free trade, the results would be deep and corrosive social divisions
uskarżać się; kolej
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rail
(v. / n.) To complain angrily
The 'barbarians' were men like Pat Buchanan on the right and Richard Gephardt on the left, both whom railed about how free trade cost American jobs during their losing presidential races
w międzyczasie
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meanwhile
(adv.) Until something expected happens, or while something else is happening
The barbarians, meanwhile, wanted to replace the free-trade principles that were guiding U.S. trade free policy with rank protectionism
słabo świadomy
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dimly aware
(adv.) Having a slight or unclear awareness of something
Though most economists were at least dimly aware that globalization was causing factories to close and workers to lose their jobs, that was not something they were willing to study or even talk about
przewaga komapratywna
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comparative advantage
(n.) An advantage a country has over another country because it can produce a particular type of product more efficiently
When David Ricardo expounded the theory of comparative advantage, he chose the examples of wine and cloth
pobożny
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devout
(adj.) Believing strongly in a religion and obeying all its rules or principles
As David Rothkopf, a political scientist who worked in Bill Clinton's Commerce Department told me, the speeches administration officials - all devout globalists - would make back then were 'quasi-theological'
krzta
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scintilla
(n.) A very small amount of something
Whitout a scintilla of doubt, we believed that globalization created so much prosperity around the world that the loss of jobs in places like Flint, Michigan, and High Point, North Carolina, was a śmiało price to pay
skrajny; poza głównym nurtem
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fringe
(adj. / n.) The outer edge of an area or a group
Today, with President Donald Trump imposing huge tariffs on China and on-again-off-again tariffs on the rest of the world the case against neoliberalism isn't a fringe opinion
garść
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handful
(n.) A small number of people or things
To put it another way, what did the handful of skeptics like Rodrik see that the rest of us didn't?
przytłaczający
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overwhelming
(adj.) Difficult to fight against
And if you read about 1920s, you'll see that capital flows were overwhelming, creating enormous distortions that led to many of the problems of the 1920s
predysponować
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predispose
(v.) To influence someone to behave or think in a particular way or to have a particular condition
Individualism predisposes many people to look for individual solutions to social problems
żałować
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rue
(v.) To feel sorry about an event and wish it had not happened; Regret
He saw Chinese export machine that created enormous surpluses that we would one day come to rue
nadwyżka handlowa
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trade surplus
(n.) A situation in which the value of goods a country exports (= sells to other countries) is greater than the value of goods it imports (= buys from other countries), or the size of this difference
A fall in the price of grain and severe flooding impacted heavily on the country's trade surplus
korzeń czegoś
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root of something
(n.) The cause or origin of something bad
We must get to the root of this problem
irytujący
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galling
(adj.) Annoying
It was very galling to have a younger brother who did everything better than me
nadużycie; znęcać się; znieważać
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abuse
(n. / v.) The use of something in a way that is harmful or morally wrong; To treat someone cruelly or violently
Persowitz also remembers the abuse he took for his views
oszust
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snake oil salesman
(n.) Someone who deceives people in order to get money from them:
Paul Krugman, who was not yet a 'New York Times' columnist but was already an influential economist, called Persowitz 'an intellectual snake oil salesman' in book he wrote called Pop Internationalism
złamać; pęknąć
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fracture
(v. / n.) If something hard, such as a bone, fractures, or is fractured, it breaks or cracks
No one anymore, on the left or the right, denies that globalziation has fractured the U.S., both economically and socially
wydrążyć coś
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hollow something out
(phrasal v.) To make an empty space inside something
It has hollowed out once-prosperous regions like the furniture-making areas of North Carolina and auto manufacturing towns of the Midwest
etykieta; zaszufladkować
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label
(n. / v.) A piece of paper or other material that gives you information about the object it is attached to; A word or a phrase that is used to describe the characteristics or qualities of people, activities, or things, often in a way that is unfair
Why were we so quick to label anyone who even flirted with the idea that maybe the U.S. should be protecting its industrial base, just as other countries did, as a Pat Buchanan - like fool?
niezmiennie
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invariably
(adv.) Always
At the same time, companies like Walmart and Costco could buy goods directly from Chinese manufacturers, which invariably had lower prices than comparable American goods
przeważać nad
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outweigh
(v.) To be greater or more important than something else
Most economists believed that a growing trade deficit was a nonissue, and in any case, even if other countries, like China, didn't play by the rules established by the WTO, the benefits still outweighed any economic lossess
niezaprzeczalny
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undeniable
(adj.) Certainly true
As for the undeniable fact the globalization cost factory workers their jobs, Rodrik told me that there was a 'cavalier' assumption in the economics profession that people who saw their factories close would just move and find a job somewhere else
pean
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paean
(n.) A song, film, or piece of writing that praises someone or something very enthusiastically
The song is a paean to solitude and independence
uwolnić kogoś/coś
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free someone/something up
(collocation) To make someone or something available to be used for something or to do something:
It helps because it frees up people and capital to different, more sophisticated work, and helps because it gives an opportunity to produce the end product more cheaply
naiwny
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starry-eyed
(adj.) If you are starry-eyed, you have a lot of thoughts and opinions that are unreasonably positive, so you do not understand things as they really are
Though the book was on the bestseller list for the next 12 months, Friedman's starry-eyed view crumbled over the next decade-plus
kruszyć się; popadać w ruinę
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crumble
(v.) To break, or cause something to break, into small pieces
She nervously crumbled the bread between her fingers
bezczelnie
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brazenly
(adv.) In an obvious way, with no effort to hide something
A second long-held belief was was that as China matured as an economic power, it would stop brazenly stealing intellectual property and conform to the WTO's rules of the road
punkt zwrotny
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tuning point
(n.) The time at which a situation starts to change in an important way
The turning point in her political career came when she was chosen to run for a Senate seat
wypierać; zastępować
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displace
(v.) To force something out of its usual or original position
We knew that China had to have displaced a lot of U.S. manufacturing workers, but we didn't know the consequences
dostosowanie; poprawka
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adjustment
(n.) A slight change made to something to make it fit, work better, or be more suitable, or the act of making such a change
Adjustment in local labor markets is remarkably slow, with wages and labor-force participation rates remaining depressed and unemployment rates remaining elevated for at least a full decade after the China trade shock commances
rozpocząć; wszczynać
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commence
(v.) To begin something
We will commence building work in August of next year
bezpośrednia krytyka; tępy
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blunt
(adj. / v.) Saying what you think without trying to be polite or caring about other people’s feelings; Not having a sharp edge or point
He believed in blunt criticism and tariffs
masywny
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hefty
(adj.) Large in amount, size, force, etc.
Persowitz noted that while Trump placed a hefty tariff on China during his first term, 'the administration wasn't at war with them. They maintained a relationship'
outsider; odstający
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outlier
(n.) Person or thing that is atypical within a particular group, class, or category; A statistical observation that is markedly different in value from the others of the sample
And the former outliers? They are now heralded as prophets
przeformułować
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reframe
(v.) To change the way something is expressed or considered
Pettis's work has reframed the way policymakers think about trade imbalances
zdumienie
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amazement
(n.) Extreme suprise
He had a look of amazement on his face when he saw what we made
przesyt
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glut
(n.) A supply of something that is much greater than can be sold or is needed or wanted
The book described the job losses, rising debt, and glut of manufactured goods coming into the U.S. form China as 'a perversion of what global integration was supposed to achieve'
wygórowany
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exorbitant
(adj.) Exorbitant prices, demands, etc. are much too large
The willingness of the U.S. to absorb 'the rest of the world's excess output and savings - at the cost of deindustrialization and financial crises - has been America's exorbitant burden
przyśpieszać
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hasten
(v.) To make something happen sooner or more quickly
The book has been enormously influential and helped hasten the decline of neoliberal dogma
niemniej jednak
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nonetheless
(adv.) Despite what has just been said or done
Nonetheless, few of the skeptics I interviewed for this story are happy about Trump's trade policy this time around
za burtę
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overboard
(adv.) Over the side of a boat or ship and into the water
We do want a new beginning, but not one in which tried and tested methods are thrown overboard
przejście
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aisle
(n.) A passageway between rows of seats
Once we got inside the stadium we walked down the aisle to our seats
gniew
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wrath
(n.) Vengeful anger, punishment
Did you really want to incur her wrath when she is know for inflicting the worst punishment legally possible?

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