History of Coffee

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goatherd
a mountain goatherd
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A person whose job is to look after goats.
The mountain goatherd watched his goats climb the rocks.
nibble
to nibble a biscuit
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To take many small, gentle bites of something.
She nervously began to nibble a biscuit during the meeting.
run-in (with)
a run-in with the police
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A short conflict or argument with a person or group.
He had a run-in with the police after the noisy party.
foraging (for food)
animals foraging for food
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Searching for food in the wild.
We saw birds foraging for food in the park.
forest undergrowth
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The low plants, bushes, and small trees that grow under big trees in a forest.
caught on (to)
the idea caught on
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To become popular or to be widely accepted.
The new drink quickly caught on in the city.
sustaining (snack)
a sustaining snack
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Food that gives you energy and keeps you going for some time.
He ate a sustaining snack before his long walk.
roasting
coffee bean roasting
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Heating food
The smell of coffee bean roasting filled the small shop.
rode trade routes
goods rode trade routes
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To travel along trade roads or sea routes used for buying and selling goods.
The spice rode trade routes from Asia to Europe.
widespread (popularity)
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Existing in many places or among many people.
The drink gained widespread popularity across the country.
brewing
trouble is brewing
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Something (often bad) is slowly starting to develop.
You could feel that trouble was brewing in the company.
in earnest
to begin in earnest
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To start seriously and with real effort.
The project began in earnest after they found funding
religious worshippers
Worshippers filled the temple on the holiday.
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People who pray and show respect to a god or in a religion.
religious chants
The monks’ chants echoed in the hall.
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Words or short phrases repeated many times in a rhythm, often in prayer or protests.
grinding (the beans)
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Crushing something into very small pieces or powder.
She started the day by grinding fresh coffee beans.
a bolder flavour
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Stronger and more noticeable in taste.
Dark chocolate has a bolder flavour than milk chocolate.
beverage
Coffee is my favourite hot beverage in the morning.
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Any drink, especially a non-alcoholic one.
partake in (something)
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To take part or join in an activity.
Guests were invited to partake in the traditional ceremony.
intoxicating
an intoxicating smell
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Very exciting or pleasant, making you feel almost “drunk” with pleasure.
The garden was full of an intoxicating smell of flowers.
put (something) on trial
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To judge something in a formal way, like in a court.
sprang up
cafés sprang up
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o appear or grow quickly and suddenly.
Many small cafés sprang up around the station.
sip (coffee, tea
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To drink something slowly in small amounts.
She sat by the window and sipped her hot coffee.
hotbeds of debate
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Places where a lot of activity, ideas, or sometimes trouble, is happening.
The old cafés became hotbeds of political discussion.
dissect
to dissect an idea
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To study something very carefully by examining all its parts.
In the seminar, they dissected the article line by line.
allegedly
allegedly happened
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Used when something is claimed to be true, but not proven.
The drink allegedly made people more focused.
enslaved workers
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Forced to work as slaves, with no freedom.
Enslaved workers were used on many plantations.
fueled by (something)
fueled by demand
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Caused or made stronger by something.
Their success was fueled by strong global demand.
exploited
exploited workers
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Treated unfairly to get as much work or benefit as possible.
The workers felt exploited and asked for better pay.
showcased
showcased new products
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Showed something in a way that makes it look good or important.
The café showcased beans from small local farms.
alongside (something)
served alongside cake
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Next to something or at the same time as something.
Coffee was served alongside homemade cake.
incorporated
incorporated into daily life
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Included something as a part of a larger whole.
Coffee breaks were soon incorporated into office culture.
ramped up (production)
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Increased something quickly and strongly.
The factory ramped up production to meet the new orders.
made inroads into new markets
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To begin to be successful in a new area or market.
The brand has made inroads into the Asian market.
brewing methods
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Ways of making coffee or tea by mixing hot water with the leaves or beans.
The barista explained three different brewing methods.
endure hard conditions
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To continue and survive through something difficult.
The workers had to endure very hard conditions.
thrives
thrives in warm climates
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Grows, develops, or is successful.
This plant thrives in warm, humid air.
resilient
resilient plants
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Able to recover quickly from problems or difficult conditions.
We need resilient plants that can handle climate change.
a cherished tradition
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Very loved and important to someone.
Drinking coffee together is a cherished morning tradition in my family.
problems that loom over us
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To appear as a big, worrying threat in the future.
Climate problems loom over the coffee industry.

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