A2.1

pre-biotic

period on Earth before life existed

conditions on pre-biotic Earth

very little oxygen, lots of methane, increased carbon dioxide, hight temeratures, lots of lighting, no UV from atmosphere

for what conditions of pre-biotic Earth were good?

for spontaneous reactions, which after creating living things changed the conditions so they cannot occur anymore

self-sustaining

using energy to maintain highly-ordered state. Living organisms can pass that ability to offsprings

evidence for cells living

each cell uses energy to maintain order, some stop doing this and die, cells produce cells, they can live outside of the body

things that mush have happend to for a living cell

catalysis/control over reactions, self assembly of polymers, compartmentalisation/membrane formation, self-replicating molecules

vesicles

structures surrounded by membranes

phospholipids

they have hydrophilic(head) and hydrophobic(tails) parts, they spontaneoulsy form vesicles due to that hydro... properties, helped form compartmentalised regions that were only partially permeable (selective about what enters or exit the cell)

RNA

store information, self-replicating, can act as a catalyst(no need for enzymes), mutates at higher rate

LUCA

last universal common ancestor

evidence for LUCA

universal genetic code, ribosome structure, enzymes that synthesis DNA and RNA

all non-extinct species evolved...

from a single common ancestor even tho it is likely that life evolved sperately several times

what suggest life from the past

carbon dating (4.1b) relationship between genome differences and the amount of time that has passed between common ancestor (4.5b)

cells

made of similar structure but different funtions (the biggest egg, smallest sperm)

multicellular

organism which have many cells

unicellular

organism that has only one cell

the cell theory

all living organisms are made up of one or more cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, all cells come from pre-existing cells

what are funtions of life that sth can be considered as living?

Hi MR GREN

Louis Pasteur experiment

he put the sterilized chicken soup to some closed space, he boiled it and gove it time but nothing happend, than he boiled it again and opened the space so bacteria from the air could get in, after that sth started growing

Miler Urey experiment

he believed that at the beging there was only sea water, gases and lighting, he made water vapour is combined with gases and lighting producing „primodial soup” he found there amino acids (and maybe hydrocarbons), inorganic things tgh made sth organic

vesicle formation

membranes must have been formed to enclose molecules

rna as cell origin

molecules that can replicate must have exised in order to inhertitance to occur

enzymes

assembly of smaller organic molecules into larger ones must have been posibble. Forming polymers