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What is a constitution, and what is its main purpose? rozpocznij naukę
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A constitution is the highest legal act of a state, defining its system, authorities, and citizens’ rights.
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What is international law, and how does it affect countries? rozpocznij naukę
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International law regulates relations between states and international organizations.
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How do human rights relate to both constitutions and international law? rozpocznij naukę
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Human rights are protected both constitutionally and under international law.
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What is the difference between national law and international law? rozpocznij naukę
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National law applies within a state international law applies between states.
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How do different countries protect human rights in their constitutions? rozpocznij naukę
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Through constitutions, courts, ombudsman institutions, and treaties.
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What is the role of international human rights treaties? rozpocznij naukę
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Treaties establish standards for human rights protection.
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How can constitutional law and international law work together to protect human rights? rozpocznij naukę
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Constitutional law implements international norms into domestic law.
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The rule of law means equality before the law.
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Why is the rule of law important in a country? rozpocznij naukę
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It ensures order, justice, and protection of rights.
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Who must follow the rule of law? rozpocznij naukę
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Everyone: citizens and public authorities.
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How does the rule of law protect individual rights? rozpocznij naukę
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It limits arbitrary power and protects individuals.
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What happens when the rule of law is not followed? rozpocznij naukę
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It leads to chaos and violations of rights.
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What is a civil law system? rozpocznij naukę
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A system based on codes and statutes.
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What is a case law (common law) system? rozpocznij naukę
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A system based on judicial precedents.
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How do civil law and case law systems differ from each other? rozpocznij naukę
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Civil law relies on codes
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common law relies on case law rozpocznij naukę
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common law relies on case law
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What are the main legal sources in a civil law system? rozpocznij naukę
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Statutes, codes, and the constitution.
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What are the main legal sources in a case law system? rozpocznij naukę
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How are court decisions used in civil law and case law systems? rozpocznij naukę
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As interpretation and a source of law.
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Why is it important to know the legal system of a country before studying its laws? rozpocznij naukę
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It helps understand how law is applied.
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What is meant by Intellectual Property, and why is it important? rozpocznij naukę
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Intellectual property protects creativity and innovation.
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What are the four pillars of Intellectual Property? rozpocznij naukę
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Patents, trademarks, copyrights, industrial designs.
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What is a patent, and what types of inventions can be patented? rozpocznij naukę
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A patent protects new, useful, and innovative inventions.
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How do trademarks help protect brands and businesses? rozpocznij naukę
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They protect brands and reputation.
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What is copyright, and what kinds of works are protected under it? rozpocznij naukę
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It protects literary, artistic, and scientific works.
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How do patents, trademarks, and copyrights differ from each other? rozpocznij naukę
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They differ in subject matter and duration of protection.
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Who can be appointed as an arbitrator in International Commercial Arbitration (ICA) in practice? rozpocznij naukę
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Lawyers, experts, academics.
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What qualifications or professional backgrounds are commonly required for an arbitrator in ICA? rozpocznij naukę
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Legal or relevant professional education.
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What are the legal and ethical requirements that an arbitrator must fulfill? rozpocznij naukę
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Independence, impartiality, confidentiality.
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Why are independence and impartiality essential requirements for an ICA arbitrator? rozpocznij naukę
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They guarantee a fair procedure.
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What role does experience in arbitration or international trade play in selecting an arbitrator? rozpocznij naukę
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It ensures competence and understanding of the dispute.
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What is the importance of an arbitrator's CV in the appointment process? rozpocznij naukę
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It shows qualifications and experience.
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What key information and details should be included in an arbitrator's CV? rozpocznij naukę
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Experience, education, publications, conflicts of interest.
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How did YouTube users violate Disney's copyright by uploading its content without permission? rozpocznij naukę
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By illegally uploading copyrighted content.
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Why is the Disney vs. YouTube uploaders case important for copyright protection on YouTube? rozpocznij naukę
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It established platform responsibility.
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What is meant by Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)? rozpocznij naukę
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ADR means alternative dispute resolution methods.
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What are the main types of ADR methods? rozpocznij naukę
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Negotiation, mediation, arbitration.
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What is negotiation, and how does it work as an ADR method? rozpocznij naukę
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Direct discussions between the parties.
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What is mediation, and what role does the mediator play? rozpocznij naukę
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A mediator facilitates agreement.
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How is conciliation different from mediation? rozpocznij naukę
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A conciliator may propose solutions.
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What is arbitration, and how does it resolve disputes? rozpocznij naukę
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Arbitration ends with a binding award.
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What is the difference between arbitration and litigation? rozpocznij naukę
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Arbitration is private and faster.
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What is Lok Adalat, and what kinds of disputes can it settle? rozpocznij naukę
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Lok Adalat is an Indian alternative dispute resolution forum.
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What are the advantages of using ADR methods instead of going to court? rozpocznij naukę
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Speed, confidentiality, lower costs.
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In which situations is ADR most suitable for resolving disputes? rozpocznij naukę
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When parties seek settlement.
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What is mediation, and how does it help parties reach a mutual agreement? rozpocznij naukę
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A mediator helps reach compromise.
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Who can act as a mediator, and what qualities should a mediator have? rozpocznij naukę
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A neutral and competent person.
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Is a mediated settlement legally binding? Explain. rozpocznij naukę
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What are the main advantages of mediation? rozpocznij naukę
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Speed, confidentiality, flexibility.
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In what types of disputes is mediation most effective? rozpocznij naukę
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Family, commercial, labor disputes.
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What is arbitration, and how is an arbitrator appointed? rozpocznij naukę
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Arbitration is dispute resolution by an arbitrator.
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How is an arbitral award enforced? rozpocznij naukę
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Under the New York Convention.
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Is arbitration a binding process? Why or why not? rozpocznij naukę
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What are the advantages of arbitration over litigation? rozpocznij naukę
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Faster and more confidential.
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In which disputes is arbitration commonly used? rozpocznij naukę
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Commercial and international disputes.
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What is negotiation as a dispute resolution method? rozpocznij naukę
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Negotiation is discussion without intermediaries.
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Do parties need a third party in negotiation? Explain. rozpocznij naukę
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No, parties negotiate themselves.
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What skills are important for successful negotiation? rozpocznij naukę
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Communication, compromise, analysis.
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What are the advantages of negotiation? rozpocznij naukę
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Flexibility and party control.
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When is negotiation preferred over other dispute resolution methods? rozpocznij naukę
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When relationships matter.
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What is litigation, and where is it conducted? rozpocznij naukę
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Why is litigation considered a formal process? rozpocznij naukę
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Because it follows formal procedures.
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What are the stages of litigation? rozpocznij naukę
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Claim, hearing, judgment.
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What are the disadvantages of litigation? rozpocznij naukę
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When is litigation the only suitable method for dispute resolution? rozpocznij naukę
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When a court decision is required.
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What was the main issue in the case Philip Morris Asia Limited v. Australia? rozpocznij naukę
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Compensation for regulatory measures.
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Why did Philip Morris challenge Australia's plain packaging law? rozpocznij naukę
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Alleged violation of investment protection.
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What was the final outcome of the case for Philip Morris? rozpocznij naukę
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rozpocznij naukę
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Proceedings before a court.
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Where are litigation cases usually heard? rozpocznij naukę
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What are the main stages of litigation? rozpocznij naukę
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Claim, evidence, judgment.
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Why is litigation considered a formal legal process? rozpocznij naukę
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It ensures equality of the parties.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of litigation? rozpocznij naukę
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What is meant by humanitarian corridors under the United Nations (UN) framework? rozpocznij naukę
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Humanitarian corridors are safe routes for aid and refugees.
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How does the European Union (EU) define and apply the concept of humanitarian corridors? rozpocznij naukę
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The EU applies them through migration policy.
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What are the main differences between UN and EU approaches to humanitarian corridors? rozpocznij naukę
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rozpocznij naukę
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Who are considered "vulnerable refugees", and why do they need special protection? rozpocznij naukę
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Children, women, the sick.
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How do humanitarian corridors help vulnerable refugees reach safety legally? rozpocznij naukę
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They enable legal and safe entry.
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How are humanitarian corridors implemented in Italy? rozpocznij naukę
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Through agreements and organizations.
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What role do governments and NGOs play in Italy's humanitarian corridors? rozpocznij naukę
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The state provides the legal framework
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How have humanitarian corridors been applied in Poland, and what are the future perspectives? rozpocznij naukę
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Mainly for refugees from Ukraine.
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What is a humanitarian visa, and how does it relate to humanitarian corridors? rozpocznij naukę
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A humanitarian visa allows legal entry for humanitarian reasons.
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What is an arbitration agreement? rozpocznij naukę
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An agreement to resolve disputes by arbitration.
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What is an arbitration clause? rozpocznij naukę
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An arbitration clause in a contract.
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Why do parties include an arbitration clause in a contract? rozpocznij naukę
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For speed and confidentiality.
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What are the essential elements of a valid arbitration agreement? rozpocznij naukę
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Party consent, form, and scope.
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Can an arbitration agreement be oral, or must it be in writing? rozpocznij naukę
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It usually must be in writing.
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