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rozpocznij naukę
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Using guilt or shame to pressure acceptance of a claim instead of addressing its merits.
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rozpocznij naukę
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Manipulating through fear of negative consequences to gain acceptance of a position.
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What is Appeal to authority? rozpocznij naukę
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Citing an authority figure as evidence when they lack relevant expertise on the topic.
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rozpocznij naukę
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Using ambiguous or shifting word meanings to mislead or create confusion.
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What is Comparative fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
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Justifying a position as better by comparing it to something worse without proving its own merit.
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What is Appeal to nature? rozpocznij naukę
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Arguing that something is good because it is natural or bad because it is unnatural.
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What is Guilt by association? rozpocznij naukę
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Rejecting an argument based on its association with a disliked person group or idea.
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What is No true Scotsman? rozpocznij naukę
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Redefining a term to exclude counterexamples making the original claim unfalsifiable.
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What is Fallacy of Composition? rozpocznij naukę
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Assuming what is true for parts must be true for the whole.
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What is Fallacy of Division? rozpocznij naukę
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Assuming what is true for the whole must be true for each part.
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rozpocznij naukę
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Shifting the responsibility of providing evidence to the wrong party.
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rozpocznij naukę
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Dismissing an argument because the arguer is inconsistent or hypocritical.
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What is Special pleading? rozpocznij naukę
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Making exceptions or moving goalposts when a claim is refuted.
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rozpocznij naukę
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Asking a question that assumes an unproven premise forcing the respondent into a trap.
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What is Affirming the consequent? rozpocznij naukę
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Assuming the antecedent is true because the consequent is true If P then Q therefore P.
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What is Anecdotal fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
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Using personal stories or isolated cases as evidence for a general claim.
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What is Appeal to emotion? rozpocznij naukę
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Using emotional manipulation rather than logical reasoning to persuade.
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What is Texas sharpshooter? rozpocznij naukę
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Cherry-picking data to fit a pattern while ignoring broader context.
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What is Suppressed correlative? rozpocznij naukę
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Assuming only one of multiple possible options is valid ignoring alternatives.
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What is Personal incredulity? rozpocznij naukę
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Rejecting a claim because it is personally difficult to understand or imagine.
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What is Ambiguity fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
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Using vague or unclear language to mislead or obscure meaning.
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What is Middle ground fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
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Assuming the middle position between two extremes is always correct.
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What is Affirming a disjunct? rozpocznij naukę
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Concluding one disjunct is true because the other is false when options may not be exhaustive.
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What is Appeal to tradition? rozpocznij naukę
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Arguing a practice or belief is valid because it has been traditionally accepted.
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What is Sunk cost fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
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Continuing an action based on past investments ignoring current irrationality.
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What is Continuum fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
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Denying a distinction between states because no precise boundary exists.
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rozpocznij naukę
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Using an analogy that is not comparable or relevant to the argument.
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What is Denying the antecedent? rozpocznij naukę
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Assuming the consequent is false because the antecedent is false If P then Q not P therefore not Q.
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rozpocznij naukę
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Assuming causation from correlation post hoc ergo propter hoc.
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What is Definist fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
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Manipulating definitions to avoid refutation or support an argument.
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What is Ecological fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
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Assuming individual behavior from group-level data.
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What is Etymological fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
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Arguing a word's historical meaning determines its current validity or meaning.
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What is Quoting out of context? rozpocznij naukę
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Using a quote in a way that distorts its original meaning.
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What is False equivalence? rozpocznij naukę
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Treating unequal things as equal to mislead or create false balance.
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What is Historian's fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
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Judging past actions by present standards ignoring historical context.
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What is Inflation of conflict? rozpocznij naukę
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Exaggerating disagreements to make them appear more divisive than they are.
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What is Incomplete comparison? rozpocznij naukę
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Comparing things without sufficient context or relevant data.
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rozpocznij naukę
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Assuming real life follows simplified models or games ignoring complexity.
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What is Moralistic fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
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Assuming what ought to be determines what is.
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rozpocznij naukę
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Comparing real imperfect things to idealized unattainable alternatives.
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What is Proof by assertion? rozpocznij naukę
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Repeating a claim as if repetition constitutes evidence.
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rozpocznij naukę
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Selecting only data that supports a position while ignoring contradictory evidence.
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What is Psychologist's fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
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Assuming one's own perspective is universally applicable to others.
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What is Reification fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
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Treating abstract concepts as concrete tangible things.
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What is Retrospective determinism? rozpocznij naukę
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Believing past events were inevitable ignoring the uncertainty at the time.
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What is Thought-terminating cliché? rozpocznij naukę
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Using a phrase or slogan to end discussion or critical thought.
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What is Fallacy of the single cause? rozpocznij naukę
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Assuming a complex event has only one cause.
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What is Appeal to the stone? rozpocznij naukę
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Dismissing a claim by demanding impossible proof.
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What is Ignoratio elenchi? rozpocznij naukę
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Missing the point of an argument by addressing an unrelated issue.
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What is Circumstantial ad hominem? rozpocznij naukę
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Attacking a person's circumstances instead of their argument.
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rozpocznij naukę
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Focusing on an argument's tone rather than its content to dismiss it.
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What is Association fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
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Assuming associated things share the same properties or qualities.
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What is Appeal to accomplishment? rozpocznij naukę
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Using a person's achievements as evidence for unrelated claims.
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What is Courtier's reply? rozpocznij naukę
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Dismissing a question by claiming the questioner lacks understanding.
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What is Appeal to consequences? rozpocznij naukę
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Judging a claim's validity based on its potential consequences.
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What is Appeal to novelty? rozpocznij naukę
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Arguing something is better simply because it is new.
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rozpocznij naukę
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Dismissing an argument based on the arguer's psychology rather than its merits.
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What is Chronological snobbery? rozpocznij naukę
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Assuming newer or older things are inherently better.
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What is Entitled to my opinion? rozpocznij naukę
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Using the right to an opinion as a shield from criticism or justification.
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What is Two wrongs make a right? rozpocznij naukę
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Justifying an action because others have done the same.
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rozpocznij naukę
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A technically true but meaningless statement often based on an empty condition.
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rozpocznij naukę
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Assuming a claim is false because it uses a logical fallacy.
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What is the Toulmin Model? rozpocznij naukę
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A framework for argument analysis with six components emphasizing contextual and dialectical nature of arguments. 1) Claim 2) Data 3) Warrant 4) Backing 5) Rebuttal 6) Qualifier
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rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Using guilt or shame to pressure acceptance of a claim instead of addressing its merits.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Manipulating through fear of negative consequences to gain acceptance of a position.
|
|
|
What is Appeal to authority? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Citing an authority figure as evidence when they lack relevant expertise on the topic.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Using ambiguous or shifting word meanings to mislead or create confusion.
|
|
|
What is Comparative fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Justifying a position as better by comparing it to something worse without proving its own merit.
|
|
|
What is Appeal to nature? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Arguing that something is good because it is natural or bad because it is unnatural.
|
|
|
What is Guilt by association? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Rejecting an argument based on its association with a disliked person group or idea.
|
|
|
What is No true Scotsman? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Redefining a term to exclude counterexamples making the original claim unfalsifiable.
|
|
|
What is Fallacy of Composition? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Assuming what is true for parts must be true for the whole.
|
|
|
What is Fallacy of Division? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Assuming what is true for the whole must be true for each part.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Shifting the responsibility of providing evidence to the wrong party.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Dismissing an argument because the arguer is inconsistent or hypocritical.
|
|
|
What is Special pleading? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Making exceptions or moving goalposts when a claim is refuted.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Asking a question that assumes an unproven premise forcing the respondent into a trap.
|
|
|
What is Affirming the consequent? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Assuming the antecedent is true because the consequent is true If P then Q therefore P.
|
|
|
What is Anecdotal fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Using personal stories or isolated cases as evidence for a general claim.
|
|
|
What is Appeal to emotion? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Using emotional manipulation rather than logical reasoning to persuade.
|
|
|
What is Texas sharpshooter? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Cherry-picking data to fit a pattern while ignoring broader context.
|
|
|
What is Suppressed correlative? rozpocznij naukę
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|
Assuming only one of multiple possible options is valid ignoring alternatives.
|
|
|
What is Personal incredulity? rozpocznij naukę
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Rejecting a claim because it is personally difficult to understand or imagine.
|
|
|
What is Ambiguity fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Using vague or unclear language to mislead or obscure meaning.
|
|
|
What is Middle ground fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
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|
Assuming the middle position between two extremes is always correct.
|
|
|
What is Affirming a disjunct? rozpocznij naukę
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|
Concluding one disjunct is true because the other is false when options may not be exhaustive.
|
|
|
What is Appeal to tradition? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Arguing a practice or belief is valid because it has been traditionally accepted.
|
|
|
What is Sunk cost fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Continuing an action based on past investments ignoring current irrationality.
|
|
|
What is Continuum fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Denying a distinction between states because no precise boundary exists.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Using an analogy that is not comparable or relevant to the argument.
|
|
|
What is Denying the antecedent? rozpocznij naukę
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|
Assuming the consequent is false because the antecedent is false If P then Q not P therefore not Q.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
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|
Assuming causation from correlation post hoc ergo propter hoc.
|
|
|
What is Definist fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Manipulating definitions to avoid refutation or support an argument.
|
|
|
What is Ecological fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
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|
Assuming individual behavior from group-level data.
|
|
|
What is Etymological fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
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Arguing a word's historical meaning determines its current validity or meaning.
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|
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What is Quoting out of context? rozpocznij naukę
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|
Using a quote in a way that distorts its original meaning.
|
|
|
What is False equivalence? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Treating unequal things as equal to mislead or create false balance.
|
|
|
What is Historian's fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
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|
Judging past actions by present standards ignoring historical context.
|
|
|
What is Inflation of conflict? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Exaggerating disagreements to make them appear more divisive than they are.
|
|
|
What is Incomplete comparison? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Comparing things without sufficient context or relevant data.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Assuming real life follows simplified models or games ignoring complexity.
|
|
|
What is Moralistic fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Assuming what ought to be determines what is.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Comparing real imperfect things to idealized unattainable alternatives.
|
|
|
What is Proof by assertion? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Repeating a claim as if repetition constitutes evidence.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Selecting only data that supports a position while ignoring contradictory evidence.
|
|
|
What is Psychologist's fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Assuming one's own perspective is universally applicable to others.
|
|
|
What is Reification fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Treating abstract concepts as concrete tangible things.
|
|
|
What is Retrospective determinism? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Believing past events were inevitable ignoring the uncertainty at the time.
|
|
|
What is Thought-terminating cliché? rozpocznij naukę
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|
Using a phrase or slogan to end discussion or critical thought.
|
|
|
What is Fallacy of the single cause? rozpocznij naukę
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|
Assuming a complex event has only one cause.
|
|
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What is Appeal to the stone? rozpocznij naukę
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|
Dismissing a claim by demanding impossible proof.
|
|
|
What is Ignoratio elenchi? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Missing the point of an argument by addressing an unrelated issue.
|
|
|
What is Circumstantial ad hominem? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Attacking a person's circumstances instead of their argument.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Focusing on an argument's tone rather than its content to dismiss it.
|
|
|
What is Association fallacy? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Assuming associated things share the same properties or qualities.
|
|
|
What is Appeal to accomplishment? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Using a person's achievements as evidence for unrelated claims.
|
|
|
What is Courtier's reply? rozpocznij naukę
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Dismissing a question by claiming the questioner lacks understanding.
|
|
|
What is Appeal to consequences? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Judging a claim's validity based on its potential consequences.
|
|
|
What is Appeal to novelty? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Arguing something is better simply because it is new.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Dismissing an argument based on the arguer's psychology rather than its merits.
|
|
|
What is Chronological snobbery? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Assuming newer or older things are inherently better.
|
|
|
What is Entitled to my opinion? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Using the right to an opinion as a shield from criticism or justification.
|
|
|
What is Two wrongs make a right? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Justifying an action because others have done the same.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
A technically true but meaningless statement often based on an empty condition.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Assuming a claim is false because it uses a logical fallacy.
|
|
|
What is the Toulmin Model? rozpocznij naukę
|
|
A framework for argument analysis with six components emphasizing contextual and dialectical nature of arguments. 1) Claim 2) Data 3) Warrant 4) Backing 5) Rebuttal 6) Qualifier
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rozpocznij naukę
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Appeal to the credibility or ethical character of the speaker
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rozpocznij naukę
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Appeal to the emotions of the audience
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rozpocznij naukę
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Appeal to logic or reason
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rozpocznij naukę
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Comparing two unlike things to create imagery
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rozpocznij naukę
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Repeating grammatical structures for rhythm
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rozpocznij naukę
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Repeating the same word or phrase at the beginning of clauses
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What is Epistrophe or Epiphora? rozpocznij naukę
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Repeating a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
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rozpocznij naukę
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The repetition of a word or word group within one sentence
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rozpocznij naukę
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What is rhetorical question? rozpocznij naukę
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A question asked for effect not for an answer
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rozpocznij naukę
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A forceful statement used for emphasis
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rozpocznij naukę
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An explicit comparison between two things usually using as or like
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rozpocznij naukę
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Giving human traits to non-human things
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rozpocznij naukę
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Placing two contrasting ideas side-by-side to highlight their differences
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What is Slippery Slope fallacy about? rozpocznij naukę
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Arguing that a small first step will inevitably lead to a chain of negative events
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What is Hasty Generalisation fallacy about? rozpocznij naukę
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Drawing a broad conclusion from a small or unrepresentative sample
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What is Post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy about? rozpocznij naukę
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Assuming that if A occurred after B then B must have caused A
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What is Genetic Fallacy about? rozpocznij naukę
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Judging something based on its origins rather than its current merits
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What is Begging the claim fallacy about? rozpocznij naukę
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Assuming the conclusion in the premise
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What is Circular argument fallacy about? rozpocznij naukę
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When the conclusion is restated as the premise
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What is False dilemma or false dichotomy fallacy about? rozpocznij naukę
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Presenting only two options when more exist
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What is Ad hominem about? rozpocznij naukę
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Attacking a person's character rather than their opinions or arguments
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What is Ad populum or Bandwagon Appeal fallacy about? rozpocznij naukę
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Arguing that something is true because many people believe it
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What is Red Herring fallacy about? rozpocznij naukę
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Introducing irrelevant material to distract from the main issue
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What is Straw Man fallacy about? rozpocznij naukę
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Misrepresenting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack
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What is Moral equivalence fallacy about? rozpocznij naukę
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Claiming that minor and major wrongs are equally immoral
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What is Appeal to ignorance true believer's form about? rozpocznij naukę
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Arguing that a claim is true because it has not been proven false
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What is Appeal to ignorance skeptic's form about? rozpocznij naukę
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Arguing that something does not exist because there is no evidence for it
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