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Pytanie Odpowiedź
buffer [PROTECTION]
I bought a house as a buffer against inflation.
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someone or something that provides protection against difficult situations, problems, angry people, etc.:
buffer [COMPUTER]
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the part of a computer's memory that temporarily stores information before exchanging it with another piece of equipment such as a printer, keyboard, or external drive
buffer [TRAIN]
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buffer [TRAIN] po angielsku
the metal parts at the front and back of a train or at the end of a track, that help protect the train and reduce damage if the train hits something
buffer [CHEMISTRY]
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a chemical that keeps a liquid from becoming more or less acidic
buffer noun (EXTRA SUPPLY)
"Just-in-time production" means that no buffer stocks are held in the factory.
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an extra supply of materials that a company keeps in order to prevent a situation where none are available:
buffer noun (MAN) UK old-fashioned
Silly old buffer!
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a silly old man:
gruntled - humorous
Although he wasn't actually disgruntled, he was far from being gruntled.
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This is used humorously as the opposite of disgruntled.
hardship
The 1930s were a time of high unemployment and economic hardship.; The Commission does not believe that the proposed rule change will pose an undue hardship on venture capital firms.
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a condition that causes difficulty or suffering, for example, being without a job or enough money:
economic hardship
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difficulty caused by having too little money or too few resources:
hardship allowance
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an extra amount of money that someone is paid for working in difficult conditions:
letter of hardship
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a letter to a bank or other company that has lent you money to buy a house, etc. explaining why you are unable to make a payment or asking to pay less than usual
economic hardship deferment
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a situation in which something, such as a payment on a loan, is delayed because someone has too little money or too few resources at the present time
deferment (also deferral, UK)
He did not seek deferment from military service. I was granted a deferment on my education loans.
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the act of delaying something until a later time, or an occasion when something is delayed until a later time:
deferment [MILITARY]
They got draft deferments as graduate students.
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(a) temporary delay in taking someone into the military forces:
deferment period (also deferral period)
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in the UK, an agreed period of time that a person who has health insurance must be ill before the insurance company begins making payments to them:
undue - formal [MORE THAN IS NECESSARY]; unduly - ADVERB
Such a high increase will impose an undue burden on the local tax payer.; He does not seem unduly concerned about the state of the economy.
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to a level that is more than is necessary, acceptable, or reasonable:
undue influence
Government officials denied there had been any undue influence in the award of the renewal contract. The President has been criticized for exercising undue influence over the judiciary and parliament.
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a situation in which someone uses their power or authority in an unfair way in order to influence a legal decision, a decision about who gets a contract, etc.:
judiciary
the independence of the judiciary
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SADOWNICTWO - the judicial authorities of a country; judges collectively.
allowance [ALLOWED]
The baggage/luggage allowance for most flights is 20 kilos.; The basic calorie allowance is 2000 calories a day for women and 2500 for men.; What is the recommended daily allowance of vitamin A?
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an amount of something that you are allowed:
an amount of something that someone is allowed to have, use, produce, etc.:
allowance noun (MONEY GIVEN REGULARLY)
The perks of the job include a company pension and a generous travel allowance. I couldn't have managed at college if I hadn't had an allowance from my parents.;
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money that you are given regularly, especially to pay for a particular thing:
money that someone is given regularly by their employer or by the government to pay for a particular thing:; Some companies will even give their telecommuting executives an allowance to buy office furniture for their home.
allowance - mainly US (UK usually pocket money) [KIESZONKOWE]
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an amount of money that parents regularly give to their child to spend as they choose
make allowance for [PREPARATION]
We should make allowance for bad weather and have plenty of umbrellas available.; It is unlikely that the regulator will make any allowance for falls in customer service caused by a strike.
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to prepare for the possibility of: the fact of planning or paying now for a possible future change in a situation or a possible future cost,
or the amount that is planned for: - The company will extend existing health-plan contracts and their pricing for eight years, with allowances for inflation.
make allowances for [NOT JUDGE TOO SEVERELY]
You should make allowances for him - he's been quite ill recently. "This is a poor piece of work." "Yes, but you should make allowances for the fact that she's only seven."
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To make allowances for someone is to think about their characteristics and not judge them too severely:
allowance [TAX]
The Australian Customs Service will not charge you duty or tax on goods you bring in if they are within the duty-free allowance guidelines.
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an amount of goods that you are allowed to buy and take into another country before you have to start paying tax:
allowance [TAX - INCOME]
a personal/married couple's/single person's allowance
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amount of income you do not have to pay tax on
allowance [special arrangement]
When selling a new product, manufacturers sometimes give retailers an allowance, for example a sale or return agreement.
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a special arrangement, such as a lower price, that manufacturers offer to stores which are going to sell their products:
mileage
The prime minister's critics have accused him of trying to gain political mileage from the disaster.
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the advantage that you can get from a situation:
cost-of-living allowance
Nurses working in the capital receive an additional 7.5 percent cost-of-living allowance.; A cost of living allowance is paid to cover the additional living costs incurred by employees who are living away from home.
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extra money that some people receive from their employer, for example, because they work in an area that is very expensive, or because prices have increased:
incur [EXPERIENCE]
to incur debts/fines/bills The play has incurred the wrath/anger of both audiences and critics.; We incurred heavy expenses to repair the poor work done by the builder. Please detail any costs/expenses incurred by you in attending the interview.
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to experience something, usually something unpleasant, as a result of actions you have taken:
incur [MONEY]
incur a charge/fine/fee Companies incur additional costs in dealing with non-paying customers. The client will remain liable for any loss incurred by the contractor.
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to be made to lose money or have to pay a charge:
wrath formal or old-fashioned; wrathful - ADJ.; wrathfully - ADVERB
The people feared the wrath of God. He left home to escape his father’s wrath.; I replied by a wrathful and contemptuous stare.; She was wrathfully indignant at her mother's lack of appreciation of her efforts.
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extreme anger:
Mr Jones marched along the corridor, glaring wrathfully about him.
glaring adjective (OBVIOUS); glaringly - ADVERB
glaring errors a glaring injustice; It was a glaring mistake.; Voters want solutions to economic and social ills that are glaringly apparent on their streets.;
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used to say that something bad is very obvious:
glaring adjective (SHINING)
glaring light glaring colours; The opening scene is in a glaringly bright hospital ward.
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shining too brightly:
ward noun (HOSPITAL/PRISON)
a geriatric/maternity/psychiatric ward
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a separate room in a hospital, typically one allocated to a particular type of patient.
one of the parts into which a prison is divided
ward noun (CITY AREA)
the second most marginal ward in Westminster
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OKREG MIASTA - (in many countries) one of the areas into which a city or town is divided, having its own elected political representative or its own organizations for managing services
an administrative division of a city or borough that typically elects and is represented by a councilor or councilors.
ward noun (CHILD)
The girl was made a ward of court to stop her father taking her out of the country. The agency serves youths who are wards of the state.
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a person, usually a minor, under the care and control of a guardian appointed by their parents or a court.
ward - ARCHAIC
it was his duty to ward the king
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guard; protect.
maternity ward
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the part of a hospital in which women give birth and where they are taken care of after giving birth
ward off someone/something
He used his umbrella to ward off the fierce sun. She was given a magic charm to ward off evil spirits.
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to keep someone or something away or prevent something from happening or harming you:
glare verb (LOOK)
She glared angrily at everyone and stormed out of the room.
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to look at someone angrily and without moving your eyes:
to look directly and continuously at someone or something in an angry way:; a long, angry look: - She gave me a fierce glare.
glare verb (SHINE)
The sun was glaring right in my eyes.; Tinted windows will reduce the glare/the sun's glare.; This screen gives off a lot of glare.
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a shine that is much too bright and feels as if it is hurting your eyes:
the/a glare of sth [ATTENTION]
The actor's wedding took place in the full glare of publicity/the media.
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an occasion when something receives a very large amount of public attention:
stare [LOOK LONG TIME]
Chuck sat quietly for hours staring into the distance, thinking of what might have been. During the press conference, each boxer tried to stare the other down (= force the other to look away by continual staring).
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to look for a long time with the eyes wide open, especially when surprised, frightened, or thinking:
Don't stare at people like that, it's rude.
thousand yard stare
The returning soldiers had the thousand yard stare of people who have seen an awful lot of not very nice things. A distracted, intense, faraway look developed in her eyes - what the marines call the thousand yard stare.
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a long look into the distance typical of someone who has suffered severe emotional shock:
contemptuous
He was very contemptuous of "popular" writers, whom he described as having no talent.
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expressing contempt:
expressing or feeling a lack of respect:
perk [ADVANTAGE - JOB]
The travelling is definitely a perk of the job for me. A company car and a mobile phone are some of the perks that come with the job.
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a special advantage or benefit, in addition to the money you are paid, that you are given because of your job:
perk [ADVANTAGE]
Having such easy access to some of the best cinema and theatre is one of the perks of living in Sydney.
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an advantage:
perk [COFFEE] informal
while the coffee perks, head out for the morning paper
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(to cause a liquid, especially coffee) to percolate
executive perk
He will receive a salary of £95,000 plus executive perks, including stock options, a car and chauffeur.
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something, such as an extra payment or advantage, that an executive gets in addition to a salary:
perk (sth) up
Share prices have perked up. The overall good news failed to perk up the stock market.
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to become or cause something to become higher in value or more active:
to make something more interesting or exciting, or to become this way: - The city is trying to perk up the business district by planting trees.
perk (sb) up
she'd been depressed, but she seemed to perk up last week
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to become or cause someone to become happier, more energetic, or more active:
percolate
Underground water had percolated through the soil to form puddles.; Sea water percolates down through the rocks.; the water percolating through the soil may leach out minerals
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(of a liquid) to move through a substance by going through very small spaces within it:
(of a liquid or gas) filter gradually through a porous surface or substance.
percolate verb (INFORMATION)
The news has begun to percolate through the staff.
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to spread slowly:
percolate [COFFEE]
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to make coffee using a machine in which hot water passes through crushed coffee beans into a container below
(of coffee) be prepared in a percolator.
leach
The calcium, potassium, and magnesium ions are leached or washed out of the top soil into lower inaccessible subsoil.; (of a substance) to come out of or be removed from another substance, esp. dirt, by passing water through it
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When a chemical substance leaches or is leached from a material, especially soil, it is removed by the action of water passing through the material:
When soil, etc. has been leached, it has had chemical substances removed from it: - The soil has been so heavily leached through intensive farming that it is no longer fertile.
porous [LIQUID]
porous soil
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Something that is porous has many small holes, so liquid or air can pass through, especially slowly:
allowing liquid or air to pass through:; (of a rock or other material) having minute spaces or holes through which liquid or air may pass.
porous [PEOPLE]
The border in this region is porous and many refugees have simply walked across.
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not protected enough to stop people going through:
the minutes [WRITTEN RECORD]
Could you take/do (= write) the minutes, Daniel?
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the written record of what was said at a meeting:
minute book - a book which contains the written record of what was said and decided at a meeting:
take the minutes
It is part of her job to set the agenda for board meetings and take the minutes.
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to write down what is said at a meeting and by whom:
minute [official message or written statement] mainly UK formal
We've received a minute authorizing the purchase of six more computers. There did not appear to be any proper board minute approving the sale.
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an official message or written statement that records a decision and often gives permission for an action to be taken:
minute adjective (SMALL)
minute amounts/quantities She examined the contract in minute detail (= looking at all the details of it).; The documentary showed an eye operation in minute detail (= showing every small detail).; a minute fraction of an inch
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extremely small
minute hand
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the part on a clock or watch that points to the minutes and is longer than the hour hand and thicker than the second hand

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