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Culture as "the cultivation of plants" rozpocznij naukę
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was transferred to fish or oysters in 17th century
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Culture as "production of bacteria" rozpocznij naukę
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evolved in late 19th century
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Culture as the figurative sense of "cultivation through education and systematic improvement of the mind" rozpocznij naukę
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was popular in 19th century
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Culture in learning and taste rozpocznij naukę
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makes the intellectual side of civilization
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Culture is closely connected to... rozpocznij naukę
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"collective customs and achievements of people and intellectual development."
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How many definitions of culture are there in general? rozpocznij naukę
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How many distinct themes are there in culture? rozpocznij naukę
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First distinct in culture: rozpocznij naukę
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Second distinct in culture: rozpocznij naukę
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Third distinct in culture: rozpocznij naukę
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Fourth distinct in culture: rozpocznij naukę
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Fifth distinct in culture: rozpocznij naukę
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Sixth distinct in culture: rozpocznij naukę
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Seventh distinct in culture: rozpocznij naukę
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What is connected to structure as a system of elements? rozpocznij naukę
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way of life, ideas, behaviour, symbol, language, social institutions, relationships etc.
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What is the function of culture? rozpocznij naukę
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It provides guide to the process of learning, adaptation to the world, survical, success in life and control over the individual groups.
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Continuous social construction of culture involves: rozpocznij naukę
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- differentiating one group from another; - relating to others; - giving life meaning and form; - dealing with social world
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rozpocznij naukę
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anything created by humans that provides information about the culture of its creator and users.
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What is defining culture in terms of improving intellect or morality? rozpocznij naukę
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instruction and moral progress
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rozpocznij naukę
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care given to development of the mind
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rozpocznij naukę
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stage of development that divides civilized from savage; study of perfection, civilization.
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What is group-membership? rozpocznij naukę
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definitions that speak of culture as a place or group of people, or that focus on belonging to such a place or group.
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How does power show in culture? rozpocznij naukę
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Power is group based and can be political/economic. Usually it refers to countries dominating over other countries or social groups dominating over other social groups.
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How does power manifest in culture? rozpocznij naukę
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Power complements culture in the sense that it enforces cultural values and norms.
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Socio-cultural patterns... rozpocznij naukę
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are not inherited, in opposite to genetic qualities.
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Socio-cultural patterns are learned... rozpocznij naukę
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from family member, groups and societies people live in.
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Cultures of human beings are influenced by... rozpocznij naukę
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the physical and social environment through which they operate.
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rozpocznij naukę
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may be called culture if it is shared and believed or practised by a group of people.
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Why is culture cumulative? rozpocznij naukę
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Knowledge embodied in culture moves through generations and cummulates knowledge over time.
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rozpocznij naukę
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Because no culture remains in some permanent state forever.
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Culture is diversified but... rozpocznij naukę
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Culture is a system that has... rozpocznij naukę
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many mutually interdependent parts.
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Parts of culture are seperate but... rozpocznij naukę
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they form a unified whole.
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Two stages of socialisation: rozpocznij naukę
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primary socialisation and secondary socialisation.
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Define primary socialisation. rozpocznij naukę
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It's taking place within a family and lasts from birth until the child's participation in larger and more diverse groupings beyond the family.
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What does primary socialisation involve? rozpocznij naukę
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Elements as the acquisition of language and gendered identity.
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Define secondary socialisation. rozpocznij naukę
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It refers to all the subsequent influences that an individual experiences in a lifetime.
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Components of critical cultural studies are: rozpocznij naukę
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Production and political economy, cultural text analysis, audience reception and use of media culture
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What is production and political economy doing? rozpocznij naukę
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Analysing cultural texts within their system of production and distribution in society.
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What are culture studies? rozpocznij naukę
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Cultural studies is a multidisciplinary approach to the understanding of all dimensions of culture, from traditional notions to popular culture.
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What do cultural studies combine? rozpocznij naukę
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It combines elements of the social sciences and the humanities.
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What do cultural studies use? rozpocznij naukę
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It uses methods and theories from literary studies, film studies, game studies, art theory, philosophy, etc.
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What do cultural studies aim to? rozpocznij naukę
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It aims to look into how the issues of gender, race, sexuality, class, etc. shape the production-consumption and dissemination of culture and media.
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What are the significant issues of cultural studies? rozpocznij naukę
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an equal treatment of high and low culture
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A geographical dimension to defining cultural studies: rozpocznij naukę
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The expansion of some cultures from local/national to global and a national dimension to defining of cultural studies projects.
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Why is culture multi-discursive? rozpocznij naukę
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It includes numerous "languages".
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rozpocznij naukę
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It's regulated ways of speaking about the subject through which objects and practices aquire meaning.
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What are the examples of discourses? rozpocznij naukę
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A language of fashion, cinema, nationalism, literary criticism, video games, cultural studies etc.
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What is the key to analyse culture? rozpocznij naukę
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The key is to identify the discursive context itself and use its professional language.
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What is the cultural development of Western Europe based on? rozpocznij naukę
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Intellectual, spirtual and aesthetic factors - great religious thinkers, philosophers, etc.
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What does culture include? rozpocznij naukę
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Aesthetic factors but especially the development customs like holidays, sports, religious festivals etc.
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Christmas or youth subcultures are referred to as... rozpocznij naukę
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lived cultures or practices.
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Why is culture a social phenomenon? rozpocznij naukę
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It expresses certain meanings and values in art and learning, institutions and people's oridinary behaviour.
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rozpocznij naukę
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are not only actual texts but also practices, paintings, sculptures, soap operas, music, dances or comics.
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rozpocznij naukę
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anything that produces meaning.
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To contain the possibility of a number of different meanings.
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What is Industrialisation? rozpocznij naukę
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The process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant.
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How many stages did Industrial Revolution have? rozpocznij naukę
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The dates of the first Industrial Revolution rozpocznij naukę
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The second Industrial Revolution took place in: rozpocznij naukę
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The late 19th and 20th centuries.
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rozpocznij naukę
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the method of producing goods in large quantities at relatively low cost per unit.
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Mass production can't exist without... rozpocznij naukę
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Mass production process... rozpocznij naukę
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is characterized by high volume, a highly organized flow of materials through various stages of production, careful supervision of quality standards and precise division of labour.
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the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.
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the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
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How did popular culture evolve chronicigally? rozpocznij naukę
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1. books 2. newspapers and magazines 3. photography 4. the cinema 5. the radio 6. recorded music 7. TV 8. the Web
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What was the first book written and when? rozpocznij naukę
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What was the first newspaper and when was it published? rozpocznij naukę
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The first magazine published and when? rozpocznij naukę
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When was telegraph invented? rozpocznij naukę
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What was the first movie and when was it published? rozpocznij naukę
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"Lumiere" in 1896 (in Bros. Cinema)
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When was the first station on air and how was it called? rozpocznij naukę
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When was the first TV Station on air and what was it? rozpocznij naukę
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When did the internet start working around? rozpocznij naukę
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rozpocznij naukę
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from Latin popularis: "belonging to the people, general, common; devoted to or accepted by the people."
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1540's definition of popularity: rozpocznij naukę
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"of or pertaining to the people; depending on the people"
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1570's definition of popularity: rozpocznij naukę
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"suited to oridinary people, easily comprehended"
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1859's definition of popularity: rozpocznij naukę
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"low, affordable to average persons"
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1600's definition of popularity: rozpocznij naukę
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"well-liked, admired by or enjoying the favour of the people"
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The definition of popularity from 1819: rozpocznij naukę
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"favoured by people generally"
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rozpocznij naukę
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culture that is widely favoured or well liked by many people.
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Examples of high culture: rozpocznij naukę
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classical music, opera and ballet, classical literature and historical works of art and sculptures
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rozpocznij naukę
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food, entertainment, sports and shopping
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Culture is diverse and... rozpocznij naukę
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involves a set of products sorted into high, low or middle positions.
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was established as a widely available form of popular entertainment consumed by people of all social classes from 18th to later 19th.
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became the meeting place of different social classes in society.
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Opera was transformed from... rozpocznij naukę
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popular entertainment into high culture.
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mass-produced for mass consumption.
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Who is the audience of commercial culture? rozpocznij naukę
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What are the main characteristics of commerical culture? rozpocznij naukę
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It's imitative and manipulative.
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Commercial culture is connected to... rozpocznij naukę
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Americanization of global culture.
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Examples of cultural imperialism: rozpocznij naukę
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The Disney entertainment outside the US, the spread of American-English, the globalization of US mass production models and systems.
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Popular culture originates from... rozpocznij naukę
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a culture of the people for the people.
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Examples of folk culture in Poland: rozpocznij naukę
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Folk culture is not always authentic because... rozpocznij naukę
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oscypek is produced from cow's milk when it should be from sheep's milk and ciupaga's are mostly made in China.
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Popular culture is a struggle between... rozpocznij naukę
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originality/opposition and commercialism/conformity
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Reggae originally comes from... rozpocznij naukę
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poor black or Jamaican people.
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spiritual, talks about serious problems, is revolutionary and original.
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Reagge mixed into white people's culture is... rozpocznij naukę
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materialistic, conformist, capitalist and mainstream.
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a culture in which the distinction between "high" and "low" culture seems less and less important.
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Postmodern popular culture blends... rozpocznij naukę
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the authentic with commercial.
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creates parody of reality, is full of comic book style violence, involves drugs, racism and references to the past.
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Tarantino's films split into... rozpocznij naukę
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non-chronological sections with discontinuity.
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Deconstruction of most popular film genres are... rozpocznij naukę
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western, kung-fu, gangster, pulp ficition, etc.
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quotations from and references to various cultural texts from the history of the cinema, literature, pop music, etc.
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In 1948 there was a vinyl record introduced... rozpocznij naukę
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by CBS, 33 1/3-rpm, 23 minutes on each side.
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In 1950 there was a vinyl developed... rozpocznij naukę
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by RCA, 45-rpm, 5 minutes per side (best for jukeboxes).
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reached an agreement and the 45 became the standard for singles.
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Reel-to-reel systems were developed in... rozpocznij naukę
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Reel-to-reel tape recorders became... rozpocznij naukę
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the main recording format used by professional recording studios until the late 1980s.
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A recorded perfomance can be... rozpocznij naukę
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edited or erased and re-recorded again on the same piece of media.
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The first compact cassette was made in... rozpocznij naukę
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gave an ability to carry music everywhere, created a market for prerecorded cassettes and gave ability to record songs from the radio.
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The compact disc was co-developed by... rozpocznij naukę
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Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings.
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The first CD was commercially released... rozpocznij naukę
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The MP3 file format was developed in... rozpocznij naukę
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Napster's free file-sharing service became available on the internet in... rozpocznij naukę
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The Napster shut down in... rozpocznij naukę
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P2P systems such as Grokster, LimeWire, Kazaa, eDonkey were enabled... rozpocznij naukę
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shifting from ownership of music to access to music.
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gives instant access to millions of songs on demand via Internet.
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Popular music streaming platforms are: rozpocznij naukę
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Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal, Deezer, SoundCloud, YT Music etc.
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a business situation in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources.
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3 major global companies of music industry are... rozpocznij naukę
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Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group.
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Music companies control about... rozpocznij naukę
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65% of the recording industry market in the US.
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Independent record labels are... rozpocznij naukę
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companies that work outside olgiopolies: they produce less mainstream music and film.
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is a philosophical and sociological movement spread across many universities around the world.
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The Frankfurt School was founded... rozpocznij naukę
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The Frankfurt School moved to... rozpocznij naukę
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United States to NYC after 1933.
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Most prominent figures of Critical Theorists were: rozpocznij naukę
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Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin.
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"Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" is... rozpocznij naukę
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a chapter in Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's book "Dialectic of Enlightenment".
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Products of the culture economy are dependent on industry and economy... rozpocznij naukę
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which means they are related to the interests of money and power.
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Basic focus of culture industry was... rozpocznij naukę
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being idustrialised and commercialised under a capitalist system.
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The Frankfurt School attempted to show... rozpocznij naukę
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a parallel between cultural texts and other products that were mass produced.
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All products of the culture industry are designed for... rozpocznij naukę
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an item whose prime purpose is sale in the market place.
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Every work of art is turned into... rozpocznij naukę
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Culture industry uses a... rozpocznij naukę
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production-line mentality in producing cultural products imitating the socioeconomic cycle of capitalist system.
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Films and TV shows we watch follow... rozpocznij naukę
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the same recycled formulas.
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Homogeneity states that... rozpocznij naukę
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all mass culture is identical.
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In consumers goods there are... rozpocznij naukę
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several variations of the same thing.
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All products produced under the same scheme are... rozpocznij naukę
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"readable" and easily consumed.
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makes things seem different when they are several variations of the same thing.
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a glaring example of culture industry phenomenon.
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endless stream of movies.
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nobody has to use intellect to understand the movie.
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Film companies & streaming services... rozpocznij naukę
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spend enormous money promoting "bigger better" films, new bands, a new star etc.
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Structural uniformity is... rozpocznij naukę
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the "really meaningful content" of the film or series.
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Culture industries provide... rozpocznij naukę
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"a false fulfilment of wish-dreams" like wealth, adventure, passionate love, power and sensationalism in general.
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a product of media industries.
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Culture manufacturing contains of... rozpocznij naukę
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language, religion, fashion, food habits, education, TV shows, etc.
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Expansions in education... rozpocznij naukę
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created greater space between youth and adult responsibilities.
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Juvenile delinquency and generational rebellion... rozpocznij naukę
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became social issues drawing public attention.
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An expanding middle class and more affluent working class... rozpocznij naukę
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led to greater disposable income and leisure time.
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Culture industries came to see "teenagers" as... rozpocznij naukę
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a leisure class and significant consumers.
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The growth of film, television, music, street fashion... rozpocznij naukę
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increased youths exposure to pop culture and alternative ideas.
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Working-class youth form and join subcultures because of... rozpocznij naukę
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their marginalization from and resistance to the class structure.
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primarily working class phenomena, an imitation of the class struggle in society.
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Capitalist society produces... rozpocznij naukę
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economic exploitation, domination and cultural dominantion.
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Young people take and transform cultural texts as... rozpocznij naukę
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Youth subcultures express... rozpocznij naukę
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opposition to the generation gap.
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Resistance is expressed through... rozpocznij naukę
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style/symbolic rituals or violence and protests.
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The main elements of subcultural style are: rozpocznij naukę
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image, visible manifestations or behaviour, argot (slang), particular music, visible signs of subcultural history, use of substances and violence.
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a combination and transformation of various cultural objects.
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the symbolic fit between the values and lifestyles of a group.
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reflects chaos/nonsense of modern world.
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are steel-toed boots, shaved heads, masculine posturing.
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Late 1660s and early 1970s subculture was... rozpocznij naukę
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Middle 1970s subculture was... rozpocznij naukę
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Late 1970s and early 1980s subculture was... rozpocznij naukę
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Early 1980s subculture was... rozpocznij naukę
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Another early 1980s subculture was... rozpocznij naukę
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The skinhead value system and style... rozpocznij naukę
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mixed the white Englush working class and culture of black Jamaican imigrants.
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The Rude Boys derived from... rozpocznij naukę
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dissatisfaction, poverty, rising unemployment and overpopulation of Kingston.
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The rude boy style included... rozpocznij naukę
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short cropped hair, a porkpie hat and shiny suits made from the raw materials of the Caribbean.
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an exotic dialect known as patois.
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a style of Jamaican popular music that surfaced in the early 1960s.
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Skinhead aggro was based on... rozpocznij naukę
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being aggressive and violent towards Asians, homosexuals and Hippies.
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Levis/Lee/Wrangler jeans, braces, polo shirts, tattoos, blue-beat hats and Harrington jackets.
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The four main cultural types of skinheads: rozpocznij naukę
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traditional, neo-Nazi, SHARP, gay
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Female skinheads haircuts... rozpocznij naukę
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are known as Chelsea, the fringe or feathercut.
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mosty white interpretation of Jamaican ska combined with elements of punk rock and new wave.
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began to emerge as skinhead identity marker in England in the late 1970s.
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Subculturists share a degree of... rozpocznij naukę
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Post-subcultural generation... rozpocznij naukę
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blended all sorts of music and fashion.
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EDM and dance cultures appeared in... rozpocznij naukę
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all-night electronic dance music parties fuelled by drugs such as ecstasy.
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Subcultural participation is now... rozpocznij naukę
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usually followed by a slogan.
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are based on visual style.
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a particular visual aesthetic.
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are shown through the websites. Mostly illegal ones.
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the use of social sience techniques to asses the behaviours and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created.
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famous-person testimonial rozpocznij naukę
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an advertising strategy that associates a product with the support of a well-known person.
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anadvertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity and the common person;
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an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumers that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social status;
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an advertising strategy that uses exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product to encourage consumers to not be left behind;
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anadvertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief/solution;
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a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product;
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small advertisements on certain websites (usually related to selling and buying sth), e.g. those on the ebay, allegro, etc.
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- unwanted commercial e-mail;
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the printlike display ads that load across the top or side of a Web page in the 1990s:
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enable users to stream live video content over the internet rather than through cable or satellite
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employ all platforms (internet, cable, satellite) based on the service provider's preference
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streaming popular shows from the past (now often from the 1980s and 1990s - Friends, The Office
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acollection of media products in which several derivative works have been developed in response to the popularization of an original creative work and the commercial exploitation of such through licensing agreements.
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the merging of different types of mass media such as traditional media, print media, broadcast media, new media and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms;
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