|
Pytanie |
Odpowiedź |
global integration (or aggregation) strategies rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Strategies that focus on synergies between operations at different locations.
|
|
|
local responsiveness (or adaptation) strategies rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Strategies that deliver locally adapted products in each market.
|
|
|
integration-responsiveness framework rozpocznij naukę
|
|
A framework of MNE management on how to simultaneously deal with global integration and local responsiveness.
|
|
|
home replication strategy rozpocznij naukę
|
|
A strategy that emphasizes international replication of home country-based competencies such as production scales, distribution efficiencies and brand power.
|
|
|
localization (multidomestic) strategy rozpocznij naukę
|
|
A strategy that focuses on a number of foreign countries/ regions, each of which is regarded as a stand-alone ‘local’ (domestic) market worthy of significant attention and adaptation.
|
|
|
global standards strategy rozpocznij naukę
|
|
A strategy that relies on the development and distribution of standardized products worldwide to reap the maximum benefits from low-cost advantages.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
A strategy that aims to be simultaneously costefficient, locally responsive and learning-driven around the world.
|
|
|
corporate headquarters (HQ) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
An MNE’s central unit that hosts corporate executives as well as central staff functions.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
A structure bundling all international activities into one unit.
|
|
|
geographic area structure rozpocznij naukę
|
|
An organizational structure that organizes the MNE according to different countries and regions.
|
|
|
regional headquarters (regional HQ) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
An organizational unit coordinating and supporting activities across a multi-country region.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Business leaders of a specific geographic area or region.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
An organizational structure that assigns global responsibilities to each product division.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
An organizational structure with two set lines of authority, typically a regional line and a product line
|
|
|
worldwide (or global) mandate rozpocznij naukę
|
|
A charter to be responsible for one MNE function throughout the world.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The proactive and deliberate pursuit of new opportunities by a subsidiary to expand its scope of responsibility
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The structures, processes and systems that actively develop, leverage and transfer knowledge.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Knowledge that is codifiable (that is, can be written down and transferred with little loss of its richness).
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Knowledge that is non-codifiable, and its acquisition and transfer require hands-on practice
|
|
|
organizational (teamembedded) knowledge rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Knowledge held in an organization that goes beyond the knowledge of the individual members.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Individuals with strong networks across business units, and frequently communicating with their network
|
|
|
reverse knowledge transfer rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Knowledge created in a subsidiary being transferred from the subsidiary to a parent organization.
|
|
|
community of practice (CoP) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Group of people doing similar or related work and sharing knowledge about their practices of work.
|
|
|
virtual communities of practice rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Communities of practice interacting via the internet.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The structures and mechanisms MNEs use to facilitate the creation, integration, sharing and utilization of knowledge.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The ability to recognize the value of new information, assimilate it and apply it.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The informal benefits individuals and organizations derive from their social structures and networks.
|
|
|
national innovation systems rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The institutions and organizations that influence innovation activity in a country
|
|
|
business unit headquarters rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The central coordinating unit for an entire business unit.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Efforts to create, develop and defend markets that satisfy the needs and wants of individual and business customers.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Flow of products, services, finances and information that passes through a set of entities from a source to the customer.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Activities to plan, organize, lead and control the supply chain.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Research aiming to explain and predict the behaviours of consumers.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Research methods exploring very large-scale datasets.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Research method exploring cultural phenomena through participant observation.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The four underlying components of marketing: product, price, promotion and place. product The offerings that customers purchase.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
A way to identify consumers who differ from others in purchasing behaviour.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
A portfolio of different brands targeted at different consumer segments.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Associations of a brand with the culture of a particular country
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The expenditures that customers pay for a product.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
How demand changes when prices change.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Total cost needed to own a product, consisting of initial purchase cost and follow-up maintenance/ service cost.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Communications that marketers insert into the marketplace.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The location where products and services are provided.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The set of business units and intermediaries that facilitates the movement of goods to consumers.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Purchasing and the coordination of intermediaries on the supply side
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Sales and the coordination of intermediaries on the customer side.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The effective movement of goods within a factory.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The ability to react quickly to unexpected shifts in supply and demand.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The ability to change supply chain configurations in response to long-term changes in the environment and technology
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The alignment of interests of various players.
|
|
|
third-party logistics (3PL) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
A neutral intermediary in the supply chain that provides logistics and other support services.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Formal rules designed by governments to protect consumers.
|
|
|
business-to-consumer (B2C) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
marketing Marketing to final consumers of a product.
|
|
|
business-to-business (B2B) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
marketing Marketing to other businesses that will further process the product.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
A focus to establish, maintain and enhance relationships with customers.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Creating a brand identity for a component of a product.
|
|
|
