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What is historical linguistics? rozpocznij naukę
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It helps to understand human capacity of language learning, aims at finding language universals, and allows to understand language better: how languages work and how their pieces fit together.
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describes language rules at a specific point of time
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studies the development and evolution of a language through history.
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Topics in historical linguistics rozpocznij naukę
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1. Studying changes in the history of a single language. 2. Analyzing changes revealed in the comparison of related languages (comparative linguistics) to reconstruct proto-languages. 3. Describing the history of individual words (etymology of words)
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◦ the replacement of one speech sound by another, ◦ the complete loss of a sound, ◦ or even the introduction of a new sound in a place where there had been none
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regular changes (sound laws) rozpocznij naukę
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[a:] —> [e:] and [b] —> [p]
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MORPHOLOGICAL and SYNTACTIC CHANGES
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They involve changes in the inflectional system and in word formation
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Syntactic change means the evolution of the syntactic structure of a natural language, e.g.: changing the regularities in word order.
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These refer to any change in the meaning(s) of a word over the course of time. The word’s variety of senses and connotations can be added, removed, or altered over time.
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WIDENING / EXTENSION OF MEANING anc NARROWING / SPECIALISATION, RESTRICTION
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WIDENING / EXTENSION OF MEANING rozpocznij naukę
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word can be used in more contexts
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NARROWING / SPECIALISATION, RESTRICTION rozpocznij naukę
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word can be used appropriately in fewer contexts
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DETERIORATION / PEJORATION OF MEANING and AMELIORATION / ELEVATION OF MEANING
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DETERIORATION / PEJORATION OF MEANING rozpocznij naukę
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the sense of a word takes on a less positive
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AMELIORATION / ELEVATION OF MEANING rozpocznij naukę
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the sense of a word shifts towards a more positive value
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Borrowing is an attempted reproduction in one lg of patterns previously found in another.
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Lexical borrowings: in vocabulary. Structural borrowings: in structure, e.g., adopting derivational morphemes, new inflections, new word order, new speech sounds. Heavy structural borrowing leads to typological change.
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external reasons for languge change rozpocznij naukę
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caused by influences from other languages or dialects. Invasions, colonizations, migration and trade. Speakers borrow words, sounds or even constructions.
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internal reasons for languge change rozpocznij naukę
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caused by the tendency to simplify and balance the language system. Assimilation of speech sounds in casual speech. Change in word meanings by conventionalization of such processes as widening or narrowing.
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Linguistic reconstruction rozpocznij naukę
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This procedure is used to determine older, non-recorded, or insufficiently attested stages of a language. Reconstruction may be done by means of comparative reconstruction (based on a comparison of forms between related languages).
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Kinds of linguistic changes: Old English rozpocznij naukę
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Lexical change: loss of vocabulary items. Sound change: the loss of r from. English vowels underwent a number of changes. Orthographic changes: some letters are no longer used
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grammatical changes: Old English rozpocznij naukę
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Grammatical changes: word order was different than today. The loss of case endings. The loss of the -n ‘third person plural’ verbal agreement marker, another change is the loss of the prefix ge-, reduced in time from [je] to [j] to [i] and finally lost
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Kinds of linguistic changes: Middle English rozpocznij naukę
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Sound change: final -n was lost by regular sound change, Grammatical change (morphological and syntactic), no marker (-n) for the plural persons. Borrowing: the hem —> them (scandinavian)
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Kinds of linguistic changes: Early Modern English rozpocznij naukę
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Lexical changes (replacement of meanings), Grammatical (syntactic and morphological) changes: came vnto [unto] him they > they came to him, thou was ‘you’ and suffix -eth (3rd person) changed go -s ending.
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