|
Pytanie |
Odpowiedź |
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Refers to the people we feel emotionally connected to and consider part of our family, even if there are no legal or biological ties.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Individuals who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption and are recognized by law.
|
|
|
Family as an institutional arena rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The family serves as a space where activities like childbearing and caregiving occur, governed by social norms and rules.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Space where individuals participate in intimate relationships and perform roles related to caregiving and raising children.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Role of the government in regulating family behaviors through laws and policies.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Economic sphere that influences families through work, wages, and the cost of goods and services like childcare.
|
|
|
Consensus perspective (structural functionalism) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Views society as a system of parts that work together to maintain stability and social order.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Focuses on conflict and competition over resources, often leading to struggles over power within families.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Critiques traditional family structures for perpetuating gender inequality.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Views relationships as transactional, where individuals seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Emphasizes the role of individuals in creating and interpreting the meaning of family roles through daily interactions.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Explains how the rise of individualism transformed traditional family structures, leading to more diverse family forms.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Studies family behaviors through statistics like birth rates, death rates, and migration.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Focuses on how individual family roles and relationships change throughout the stages of life.
|
|
|
Industrial Revolution & Democracy rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Created tensions within families as individualism grew, especially among women.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Gender roles became more rigid, with men working outside the home and women maintaining the home.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The process of selecting a marriage partner, balancing individual desires with family interests.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Improved contraception and shifting beliefs about child-rearing contributed to declining birth rates.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The state enforced monogamy and family stability through laws rooted in Christian tradition.
|
|
|
African American family dynamics post-emancipation rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Faced extreme poverty, but extended family networks provided resilience.
|
|
|
Chinese Americans and family life rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Chinese men faced barriers due to the Chinese Exclusion Act, limiting family formation.
|
|
|
Mexican Americans post-Mexican-American War rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Families relied on extended networks for support, emphasizing familism.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
An ideal family model based on affection, equality, and companionship.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Focused on friendship and romantic love rather than traditional economic roles.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Young people gained more freedom in selecting romantic partners, replacing formal courtship.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Labor unions pushed for a wage allowing men to support their entire family.
|
|
|
Independence from marriage rozpocznij naukę
|
|
More people lived independently due to expanded workforce participation and welfare programs.
|
|
|
Emotional bonds in families rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Smaller families allowed parents to devote more attention to each child.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Socially constructed categories based on self-identification and societal perception.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Historically tied to hierarchies, with 'Whites' considered superior.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Defined as a group believed to share common ancestry based on perceived physical traits.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Refers to shared cultural traits like language, religion, or national origin.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Marriage within the same racial or ethnic group, often to maintain cultural continuity.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Marriage outside one’s racial or ethnic group.
|
|
|
Race and social inequality rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Historical practices like segregation and slavery created long-term inequalities.
|
|
|
Middle Eastern or North African (MENA) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
A racial category recognizing individuals from these regions in the U.S.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Faced historical decline due to disease and violence following colonization.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Rooted in slavery, they have faced persistent economic challenges.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Noted disruptions in African American family life due to slavery and discrimination.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Movement of Black workers from the rural South to Northern cities, leading to urban segregation.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Cultural value emphasizing strong family loyalty and obligation.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Fastest-growing minority group, with cultural values emphasizing educational success.
|
|
|
Model minority stereotype rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Overlooks disparities within the Asian American community, particularly among Southeast Asians.
|
|
|
Rise of anti-Asian racism rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting long-standing stereotypes.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Ended the quota system, increasing immigration from non-European countries.
|
|
|
Consensus theory (ladder) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Views inequality as beneficial, creating competition for upward mobility.
|
|
|
Conflict theory (categories) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Argues that social class is rooted in exploitation and class struggles.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Opportunities to improve quality of life are largely determined by social class.
|
|
|
Social capital (Pierre Bourdieu) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Resources and benefits gained through social networks and connections.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Wealthiest individuals, often business owners, corporate executives, or high-level professionals.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Large segment of professionals with stable jobs, able to meet basic needs.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Less education and job security, working in manual labor or service industry jobs.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Struggles with poverty and job insecurity, relying on social welfare programs.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Measure of income inequality, where 0 represents perfect equality and 1 perfect inequality.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Official threshold for a family of four in 2021 was $27,479.
|
|
|
Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Takes into account welfare benefits, taxes, and cost of living.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Ability to move between social classes, typically measured by comparing economic status across generations.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Middle-class parents cultivate children's skills through structured activities.
|
|
|
Accomplishment of natural growth rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Working-class parents provide comfort and care, allowing unstructured time for play.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Face challenges like limited financial resources and less time with children.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Refers to biological differences like male and female anatomy.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Refers to social roles and behaviors considered appropriate for men and women.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Individuals who do not fit into traditional male or female categories.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Individuals whose gender identity does not match their assigned sex at birth.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Physical differences between males and females, with humans having low dimorphism.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Individuals whose biological characteristics do not fit typical definitions of male or female.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Distress experienced by individuals whose gender identity does not align with their assigned sex.
|
|
|
Biological perspectives on gender rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Focus on how biological differences contribute to social roles.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Process by which individuals learn the gender norms of their society.
|
|
|
Gender segregation in work rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Men and women work in different types of jobs, contributing to the gender pay gap.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Core aspect of personal identity and freedom, with more freedom to express sexual orientation.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Pattern of romantic or sexual attraction, including heterosexual, homosexual, and other categories.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Attraction to both men and women.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Attraction to people regardless of gender identity.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Describes individuals who do not experience sexual attraction.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Social disapproval or discrimination faced for certain characteristics, such as sexual orientation.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Fear or hatred of individuals who are gay or engage in same-sex relationships.
|
|
|
Genetics and environment in sexuality rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Sexual orientation has genetic components but is also shaped by environmental factors.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Varies widely by socioeconomic status, education level, and race.
|
|
|
Decline in teen pregnancies rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Largely due to better access to birth control and sex education.
|
|
|
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Common STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HPV.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Pioneering researcher in human sexuality, contributing to understanding diverse sexual behaviors.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Expected patterns of behavior in familiar social situations.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Seen as passionate and unique, often a noble quest to overcome obstacles for love.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
More practical, where partners evaluate their relationship based on shared goals.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Process of choosing romantic or sexual partners, often marrying within social class or race.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Casual sexual or romantic encounters without the expectation of commitment.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Tendency to form relationships with those similar in race, religion, or social class.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Practice of marrying within one's racial or ethnic group.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Refers to the people we feel emotionally connected to and consider part of our family, even if there are no legal or biological ties.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Individuals who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption and are recognized by law.
|
|
|
Family as an institutional arena rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The family serves as a space where activities like childbearing and caregiving occur, governed by social norms and rules.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Space where individuals participate in intimate relationships and perform roles related to caregiving and raising children.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Role of the government in regulating family behaviors through laws and policies.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Economic sphere that influences families through work, wages, and the cost of goods and services like childcare.
|
|
|
Consensus perspective (structural functionalism) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Views society as a system of parts that work together to maintain stability and social order.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Focuses on conflict and competition over resources, often leading to struggles over power within families.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Critiques traditional family structures for perpetuating gender inequality.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Views relationships as transactional, where individuals seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Emphasizes the role of individuals in creating and interpreting the meaning of family roles through daily interactions.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Explains how the rise of individualism transformed traditional family structures, leading to more diverse family forms.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Studies family behaviors through statistics like birth rates, death rates, and migration.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Focuses on how individual family roles and relationships change throughout the stages of life.
|
|
|
Industrial Revolution & Democracy rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Created tensions within families as individualism grew, especially among women.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Gender roles became more rigid, with men working outside the home and women maintaining the home.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The process of selecting a marriage partner, balancing individual desires with family interests.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Improved contraception and shifting beliefs about child-rearing contributed to declining birth rates.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The state enforced monogamy and family stability through laws rooted in Christian tradition.
|
|
|
African American family dynamics post-emancipation rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Faced extreme poverty, but extended family networks provided resilience.
|
|
|
Chinese Americans and family life rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Chinese men faced barriers due to the Chinese Exclusion Act, limiting family formation.
|
|
|
Mexican Americans post-Mexican-American War rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Families relied on extended networks for support, emphasizing familism.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
An ideal family model based on affection, equality, and companionship.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Focused on friendship and romantic love rather than traditional economic roles.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Young people gained more freedom in selecting romantic partners, replacing formal courtship.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Labor unions pushed for a wage allowing men to support their entire family.
|
|
|
Independence from marriage rozpocznij naukę
|
|
More people lived independently due to expanded workforce participation and welfare programs.
|
|
|
Emotional bonds in families rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Smaller families allowed parents to devote more attention to each child.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Socially constructed categories based on self-identification and societal perception.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Historically tied to hierarchies, with 'Whites' considered superior.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Defined as a group believed to share common ancestry based on perceived physical traits.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Refers to shared cultural traits like language, religion, or national origin.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Marriage within the same racial or ethnic group, often to maintain cultural continuity.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Marriage outside one’s racial or ethnic group.
|
|
|
Race and social inequality rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Historical practices like segregation and slavery created long-term inequalities.
|
|
|
Middle Eastern or North African (MENA) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
A racial category recognizing individuals from these regions in the U.S.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Faced historical decline due to disease and violence following colonization.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Rooted in slavery, they have faced persistent economic challenges.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Noted disruptions in African American family life due to slavery and discrimination.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Movement of Black workers from the rural South to Northern cities, leading to urban segregation.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Cultural value emphasizing strong family loyalty and obligation.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Fastest-growing minority group, with cultural values emphasizing educational success.
|
|
|
Model minority stereotype rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Overlooks disparities within the Asian American community, particularly among Southeast Asians.
|
|
|
Rise of anti-Asian racism rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting long-standing stereotypes.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Ended the quota system, increasing immigration from non-European countries.
|
|
|
Consensus theory (ladder) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Views inequality as beneficial, creating competition for upward mobility.
|
|
|
Conflict theory (categories) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Argues that social class is rooted in exploitation and class struggles.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Opportunities to improve quality of life are largely determined by social class.
|
|
|
Social capital (Pierre Bourdieu) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Resources and benefits gained through social networks and connections.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Wealthiest individuals, often business owners, corporate executives, or high-level professionals.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Large segment of professionals with stable jobs, able to meet basic needs.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Less education and job security, working in manual labor or service industry jobs.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Struggles with poverty and job insecurity, relying on social welfare programs.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Measure of income inequality, where 0 represents perfect equality and 1 perfect inequality.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Official threshold for a family of four in 2021 was $27,479.
|
|
|
Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Takes into account welfare benefits, taxes, and cost of living.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Ability to move between social classes, typically measured by comparing economic status across generations.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Middle-class parents cultivate children's skills through structured activities.
|
|
|
Accomplishment of natural growth rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Working-class parents provide comfort and care, allowing unstructured time for play.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Face challenges like limited financial resources and less time with children.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Refers to biological differences like male and female anatomy.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Refers to social roles and behaviors considered appropriate for men and women.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Individuals who do not fit into traditional male or female categories.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Individuals whose gender identity does not match their assigned sex at birth.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Physical differences between males and females, with humans having low dimorphism.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Individuals whose biological characteristics do not fit typical definitions of male or female.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Distress experienced by individuals whose gender identity does not align with their assigned sex.
|
|
|
Biological perspectives on gender rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Focus on how biological differences contribute to social roles.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Process by which individuals learn the gender norms of their society.
|
|
|
Gender segregation in work rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Men and women work in different types of jobs, contributing to the gender pay gap.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Core aspect of personal identity and freedom, with more freedom to express sexual orientation.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Pattern of romantic or sexual attraction, including heterosexual, homosexual, and other categories.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Attraction to both men and women.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Attraction to people regardless of gender identity.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Describes individuals who do not experience sexual attraction.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Social disapproval or discrimination faced for certain characteristics, such as sexual orientation.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Fear or hatred of individuals who are gay or engage in same-sex relationships.
|
|
|
Genetics and environment in sexuality rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Sexual orientation has genetic components but is also shaped by environmental factors.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Varies widely by socioeconomic status, education level, and race.
|
|
|
Decline in teen pregnancies rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Largely due to better access to birth control and sex education.
|
|
|
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Common STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HPV.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Pioneering researcher in human sexuality, contributing to understanding diverse sexual behaviors.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Expected patterns of behavior in familiar social situations.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Seen as passionate and unique, often a noble quest to overcome obstacles for love.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
More practical, where partners evaluate their relationship based on shared goals.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Process of choosing romantic or sexual partners, often marrying within social class or race.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Casual sexual or romantic encounters without the expectation of commitment.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Tendency to form relationships with those similar in race, religion, or social class.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Practice of marrying within one's racial or ethnic group.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Refers to the people we feel emotionally connected to and consider part of our family, even if there are no legal or biological ties.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Individuals who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption and are recognized by law.
|
|
|
Family as an institutional arena rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The family serves as a space where activities like childbearing and caregiving occur, governed by social norms and rules.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Space where individuals participate in intimate relationships and perform roles related to caregiving and raising children.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Role of the government in regulating family behaviors through laws and policies.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Economic sphere that influences families through work, wages, and the cost of goods and services like childcare.
|
|
|
Consensus perspective (structural functionalism) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Views society as a system of parts that work together to maintain stability and social order.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Focuses on conflict and competition over resources, often leading to struggles over power within families.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Critiques traditional family structures for perpetuating gender inequality.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Views relationships as transactional, where individuals seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Emphasizes the role of individuals in creating and interpreting the meaning of family roles through daily interactions.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Explains how the rise of individualism transformed traditional family structures, leading to more diverse family forms.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Studies family behaviors through statistics like birth rates, death rates, and migration.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Focuses on how individual family roles and relationships change throughout the stages of life.
|
|
|
Industrial Revolution & Democracy rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Created tensions within families as individualism grew, especially among women.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Gender roles became more rigid, with men working outside the home and women maintaining the home.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The process of selecting a marriage partner, balancing individual desires with family interests.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Improved contraception and shifting beliefs about child-rearing contributed to declining birth rates.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
The state enforced monogamy and family stability through laws rooted in Christian tradition.
|
|
|
African American family dynamics post-emancipation rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Faced extreme poverty, but extended family networks provided resilience.
|
|
|
Chinese Americans and family life rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Chinese men faced barriers due to the Chinese Exclusion Act, limiting family formation.
|
|
|
Mexican Americans post-Mexican-American War rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Families relied on extended networks for support, emphasizing familism.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
An ideal family model based on affection, equality, and companionship.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Focused on friendship and romantic love rather than traditional economic roles.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Young people gained more freedom in selecting romantic partners, replacing formal courtship.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Labor unions pushed for a wage allowing men to support their entire family.
|
|
|
Independence from marriage rozpocznij naukę
|
|
More people lived independently due to expanded workforce participation and welfare programs.
|
|
|
Emotional bonds in families rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Smaller families allowed parents to devote more attention to each child.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Socially constructed categories based on self-identification and societal perception.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Historically tied to hierarchies, with 'Whites' considered superior.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Defined as a group believed to share common ancestry based on perceived physical traits.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Refers to shared cultural traits like language, religion, or national origin.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Marriage within the same racial or ethnic group, often to maintain cultural continuity.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Marriage outside one’s racial or ethnic group.
|
|
|
Race and social inequality rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Historical practices like segregation and slavery created long-term inequalities.
|
|
|
Middle Eastern or North African (MENA) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
A racial category recognizing individuals from these regions in the U.S.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Faced historical decline due to disease and violence following colonization.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Rooted in slavery, they have faced persistent economic challenges.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Noted disruptions in African American family life due to slavery and discrimination.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Movement of Black workers from the rural South to Northern cities, leading to urban segregation.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Cultural value emphasizing strong family loyalty and obligation.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Fastest-growing minority group, with cultural values emphasizing educational success.
|
|
|
Model minority stereotype rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Overlooks disparities within the Asian American community, particularly among Southeast Asians.
|
|
|
Rise of anti-Asian racism rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting long-standing stereotypes.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Ended the quota system, increasing immigration from non-European countries.
|
|
|
Consensus theory (ladder) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Views inequality as beneficial, creating competition for upward mobility.
|
|
|
Conflict theory (categories) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Argues that social class is rooted in exploitation and class struggles.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Opportunities to improve quality of life are largely determined by social class.
|
|
|
Social capital (Pierre Bourdieu) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Resources and benefits gained through social networks and connections.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Wealthiest individuals, often business owners, corporate executives, or high-level professionals.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Large segment of professionals with stable jobs, able to meet basic needs.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Less education and job security, working in manual labor or service industry jobs.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Struggles with poverty and job insecurity, relying on social welfare programs.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Measure of income inequality, where 0 represents perfect equality and 1 perfect inequality.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Official threshold for a family of four in 2021 was $27,479.
|
|
|
Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Takes into account welfare benefits, taxes, and cost of living.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Ability to move between social classes, typically measured by comparing economic status across generations.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Middle-class parents cultivate children's skills through structured activities.
|
|
|
Accomplishment of natural growth rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Working-class parents provide comfort and care, allowing unstructured time for play.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Face challenges like limited financial resources and less time with children.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Refers to biological differences like male and female anatomy.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Refers to social roles and behaviors considered appropriate for men and women.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Individuals who do not fit into traditional male or female categories.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Individuals whose gender identity does not match their assigned sex at birth.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Physical differences between males and females, with humans having low dimorphism.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Individuals whose biological characteristics do not fit typical definitions of male or female.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Distress experienced by individuals whose gender identity does not align with their assigned sex.
|
|
|
Biological perspectives on gender rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Focus on how biological differences contribute to social roles.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Process by which individuals learn the gender norms of their society.
|
|
|
Gender segregation in work rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Men and women work in different types of jobs, contributing to the gender pay gap.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Core aspect of personal identity and freedom, with more freedom to express sexual orientation.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Pattern of romantic or sexual attraction, including heterosexual, homosexual, and other categories.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Attraction to both men and women.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Attraction to people regardless of gender identity.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Describes individuals who do not experience sexual attraction.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Social disapproval or discrimination faced for certain characteristics, such as sexual orientation.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Fear or hatred of individuals who are gay or engage in same-sex relationships.
|
|
|
Genetics and environment in sexuality rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Sexual orientation has genetic components but is also shaped by environmental factors.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Varies widely by socioeconomic status, education level, and race.
|
|
|
Decline in teen pregnancies rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Largely due to better access to birth control and sex education.
|
|
|
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Common STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HPV.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Pioneering researcher in human sexuality, contributing to understanding diverse sexual behaviors.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Expected patterns of behavior in familiar social situations.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Seen as passionate and unique, often a noble quest to overcome obstacles for love.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
More practical, where partners evaluate their relationship based on shared goals.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Process of choosing romantic or sexual partners, often marrying within social class or race.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Casual sexual or romantic encounters without the expectation of commitment.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Tendency to form relationships with those similar in race, religion, or social class.
|
|
|
|
rozpocznij naukę
|
|
Practice of marrying within one's racial or ethnic group.
|
|
|
