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rozpocznij naukę
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1) legal system developed from Roman codified law. established by a state for its regulation: 2) area of the law concerned with criminal matters, rights and remedies
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rozpocznij naukę
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legal system which is the foundation of the legal systems of most of the English-speaking countries of the world, based on customs, usage and court decisions (also case law, judge-made law)
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rozpocznij naukę
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area of the law which deals with crimes and their punishments. including fines and/or imprisonment (also penal law)
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rozpocznij naukę
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adverb bear upon, built on, contingent upon, dependent on, founded on, grounded on, relying on, rested on
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Turkey is a member of the Council of Europe and is bound by its decisions. rozpocznij naukę
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to have a legal, moral or ethical obligation to follow a decision
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It was considered necessary to codify equality policies to make the law clearer. Phrase Bank The rules were codified in 2005. The codification of the criminal law is a long-term project. rozpocznij naukę
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to arrange laws or rules into a code
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Pursuant to Islamic practice, once a wrong has been committed, a ritual forgiveness ceremony, a sulha may be performed. Phrase Bank These rules have been established by custom. According to military custom, flags should be folded in a triangular shape when not in use. It was a custom in the 1940s for men to wear a hat. It's the custom of men in my country to marry one woman. This is established custom in the industry. Common law can be said to be the law of custom of the English courts. The mode rozpocznij naukę
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1. a long-established and generally unwritten practice often recognised as having the force of law 2. unwritten rules that are a traditional and widely accepted way of how things should be done in a particular society or place
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My client strongly disputes Mr DeCarrico's version of events. He disputed the arrangements, which he thought were inadequate. rozpocznij naukę
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1. to question whether a statement or allegation is true; to argue that a statement or allegation is not true 2. to disagree or argue about something 3. a conflict or disagreement; a controversy which may result in a lawsuit or other legal process
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Tenants have additional rights under the new legislation. Phrase Bank The proposed legislation is unpopular. Courts are often asked to interpret legislation. Parliament recently passed securities market legislation based on the EU Directive. rozpocznij naukę
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laws made by a lawmaking body, such as Parliament or Congress
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The police had completed an investigation and no criminal offences were found. A Ukrainian judge opens a criminal case against President Kuchma, after opponents say he violated 11 articles of the criminal code. Many candidates are facing criminal charges. See one of the ways we help the police to solve criminal cases. The US will examine how other jurisdictions deliver criminal justice. The Criminal Records Bureau does background checks. I never did any criminal work when I was practicing full t rozpocznij naukę
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1. relating to a crime or to criminals (=people who commit crimes) 2. relating to criminal law as opposed to civil law criminal investigation proceedings Department of Justice's Criminal Division criminal trial criminal penalties criminal court
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She said the Family X case had helped set a precedent for the way children should be represented in court. There is no precedent in international development for the challenge the world now faces in Africa. rozpocznij naukę
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1. a past decision in a legal case that may be or must be (=binding precedent) followed in future similar cases 2. an earlier event, action, situation or decision used as a guide to be considered in similar circumstances The case had a very optimistic and successful outcome and it set a precedent in the High Court. This would have set a dangerous precedent. There was a federal court precedent for this. The ruling does not a binding precedent. The judge cited many precedents in his ruling. established precedent strong precedent judicial precedent legal precedent
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According to the provisions of section 19 of the Act, all interested parties must provide notice to the Court within 30 days. A licence will be required for the provision of public entertainment at such premises. rozpocznij naukę
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1. a statement in a contract or a law that a specific thing must happen or be done 2. an arrangement to deal with something; an arrangement to make something available The lawyers were negotiating a particular provision in the agreement. The new legislative provisions do not apply to this situation. The seller was in breach of the contractual provisions relating to delivery of the goods.
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The ruling applied only to the defendant’s evidence. 2. In a 5-4 ruling, the Supreme Court announced that the controversial procedure was in fact lawful. rozpocznij naukę
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1. an official decision made by someone in authority or an official body with authority, such as a judge, court, chairperson or tribunal etc 2. an authoritative or official decision The ruling excluded certain evidence. The court issued a ruling. The ruling was reversed on appeal. The ruling was upheld on appeal.
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1. The directive must be implemented by EU member states no later than September 2009. 2. The city of Houston issued a directive to conserve energy supplies. rozpocznij naukę
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1. a type of legislation passed by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union and binding on EU member states; the mutually binding collective decision made by the EU member states, acting through their national Government Ministers in the Council of the European Union and the Parliament 2. instructions, guidelines, decisions, rules and regulations etc issued by an official body that outline how to perform an action or to reach a target. These may or may not be binding. The new EU directive is part of a wide-ranging package of policies. Bush signed the directive. The directive was not strictly followed. The directive came into force. a congressional directive to adopt a directive
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1. The Department of Immigration has issued new regulations regarding the granting of temporary residence permits. 2. n accordance with Article 8 of Directive 2005/32/EC, this Regulation should specify the applicable conformity assessment procedures. 3. People using these services rightly rely on effective regulation to help safeguard their interests. rozpocznij naukę
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1. a rule (usually issued by a government agency or established authority) that has the force of law 2. EU rules that take direct effect on EU member states (=rules that are binding on EU member states without those states having to pass any national legislation) 3. the action of regulating something (=checking or controlling something) In 1995, Congress passed the first major law to tighten lobbying regulation in 49 years. Neither the state nor the federal government regarded the regulation of markets as part of its duties.
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A city ordinance prohibited the private use of guns within city limits. rozpocznij naukę
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a law, usually enacted by a municipal body (=town or city) The ordinance was adopted by the city council. An ordinance was passed forbidding public nudity. Lawyers must comply with an ordinance requiring recycling of office paper.
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The statute was enacted to deal with the problem of insider trading. rozpocznij naukę
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a piece of codified law passed by a legislative body, rather than uncodified derived from custom, books of authority and cases tried in court etc Legal powers derive either from statute or from common law: the legislature and the courts are the only sources of law recognized in the English legal system. The statute requires a plaintiff to report intentional acts of discrimination within 180 days. In theory a statute could do no more than declare existing law.
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rozpocznij naukę
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The respondent is the party responding to an appeal. The respondent on appeal can have been either the claimant/plaintiff or the defendant in the underlying action.
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We will stipulate to the fact that my client signed the agreement if you will stipulate to the fact that your client received the contract before 31 May 2010. rozpocznij naukę
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means to agree to something. This sense of the word is often used by lawyers in litigation when agreeing to accept a fact without requiring it to be established by proof. The guidelines stipulate rules for inter-state transfers. The parties stipulated to the need for a protective order. The parties may stipulate in advance to submit any disputes for resolution within a particular jurisdiction. The agreement does not stipulate a definite period within which debts should be settled.
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1. The parties stipulated that their briefs would be filed by March 31. 2. The contract stipulates that payment must be made by 31 December 2010. rozpocznij naukę
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1. to demand, require or to specify a requirement, often as part of an agreement 2. to specify, often used regarding the terms or conditions of an agreement or statute
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1. The will provides that the wife will retain full ownership of the house upon her husband's death. 2. The law provides a remedy in cases like this. rozpocznij naukę
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1. to say what will or must happen if particular conditions exist, usually in writing 2. (FORMAL) to give or supply something that someone or something needs The statute provides a guarantee. The contract provides for payments to be made at different stages. The law provides that all cultural property is government owned.
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Our loan specialist will contact you to specify the details of the contract. rozpocznij naukę
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to state something clearly and exactly
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states / sets forth / determines / lays down / prescribes that 1. It would be best to first set forth all of your reasons for your request in a letter to them before threatening them with legal action. rozpocznij naukę
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to establish something as a rule; to tell someone what they have to do; to assert firmly, to state authoritatively
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appellate court (or court of appeals. appeals court) The appellate court has agreed to review the case. rozpocznij naukę
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the court to which an appeal (=a review of the decisions of a lower court) is made and which hears the appeal The parties' arguments can be found in the appellate court briefs. The appellate court affirmed the trial court's judgment. Oral arguments will be heard in appellate court.
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Magistrates in Barnsley referred the case to Sheffield Crown Court for sentencing on 19 November, as crown courts can impose higher punishments. rozpocznij naukę
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a law court in England or Wales that hears criminal cases They were cleared of all charges at Teesside Crown Court. In March, Southwark Crown Court's Lord Justice Thomas presided in a corruption case. He will stand trial in Reading Crown Court. London's Southwark Crown Court ruled that Johns was guilty. That was noted in Crown Court's brief to the 3rd Court. Almost 70, 000 Crown Court cases each year could be heard in magistrates' courts. These cases need to be sent to full trial at crown court. This is a typical crown court room. A 23-year-old man has
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high court (or supreme court) A convicted child murderer from Lancashire has appeared before the High Court to appeal for UK prisoners to have the right to vote. rozpocznij naukę
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(ENGLAND AND WALES) a court system based in London and comprising three divisions (the Chancery Division, the Queen's/KIng's Bench Division and the Family Division) of both original and appellate jurisdiction. Most of its work deals with civil cases, but it occasionally hears criminal cases as well. Cases in the High Court are heard by a single judge. She is a judge of the High Court. There was a protest at the High Court over the decision to extradite the suspect. The clerk's office provides administrative services for the High Court.
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Despite the fact that around half Pakistan's population is under 18, the country has only one juvenile court. rozpocznij naukę
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a criminal court which tries people below the age at which ordinary criminal prosecution is possible
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lower court (or court of first instance) The trial court ruled that the letters were not material and 'would not have changed the outcome of the trial.' rozpocznij naukę
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the court at which a case is first tried The first instance court rejected the proposal to say it wasn't consistent with Parliament Act. An exclamation mark cannot be registered as a trademark, the European Court of First Instance has ruled. The court of first instance sentenced Laylaz to a nine-year jail term.
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Murder, arson and rape all start off in the magistrates' court but are very quickly transferred to crown court. rozpocznij naukę
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(UK & COMMONWEALTH) the lowest level of court in England and Wales and some other common law jurisdictions
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He participated in the moot court competition at his law school. rozpocznij naukę
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an activity, especially one held at a law school, where participants compete by writing briefs (=a written summary of the facts and legal points that will be used in court to support one side in a case) and presenting oral arguments before a pretend court The BBC developed a drama in a moot court format. The Law Center stages moot court practices for advocates. Sixteen moot court programs competed in the tournament. She judged him in a moot court competition.
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Claims of up to £1,000 can be made in the small claims court. rozpocznij naukę
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a special court of limited jurisdiction established to provide the quick resolution of small civil lawsuits
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Two years ago it was deliberately made harder for individuals to take their employers to a tribunal hearing. rozpocznij naukę
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a special court set up to try a particular case or a particular type of case We will establish an additional appeals tribunal. There are five commissioners on the tribunal. The European Court of Justice qualifies as a tribunal. You may apply to a tribunal. A UN war crimes tribunal foreign tribunal arbitral tribunal industrial tribunal a fair and impartial tribunal
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The defendant denies that he was driving the car at the time of the accident. rozpocznij naukę
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a person against whom an action or a prosecution is brought in court In both the US and the UK, the responding party is called the defendant. The defendant can explain his version. The defendant has been found guilty. The jury found for the defendant on all counts. The court heard expert testimony about the criminal defendant's competence (=ability) to stand trial.
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reasonably prudent person With regard to negligence liability, all directors must exercise the care of a reasonably prudent person. He thought the doctor should be liable where the risk is such that a prudent person, in the patient's position, would have regarded it as significant. 'It was reasonably foreseeable by a reasonably prudent person that, if he smoked, he risked damaging his health', the judge added. rozpocznij naukę
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if you act in the way a prudent person would then you behave in the same way that you would expect of a normal, reasonable person under the same or similar circumstances The prudent person is a legal fiction that represents an objective standard against which any person's conduct can be measured. It is used to determine if a breach of the standard of care has occurred once a duty of care has been proven. Under the prudent person standard, each person owes a duty to behave as a prudent person would under the same or similar circumstances.
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He is a very efficient law clerk. 2. He left school at 16 to work in a solicitors' office as a clerk. rozpocznij naukę
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1. someone in charge of the records or accounts in an office, court or official body 2. (US) someone whose job is to deal with customers in a shop; someone whose job it is to help people when they arrive at or leave a hotel The court clerk's office would not remain open past 5 p.m. The trial court's was filed with the clerk. Jackson also served as a law clerk to three federal judges. A year in the life of a supreme court clerk. A sheriff clerk is facing jail after stealing from the Scottish Court Service. The Reading Clerk sits in the House of Lords and assists the Clerk of the Parliaments in the performance of his duties. Mr Walton was a clerk for a solicitor's firm.
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Hayrat is representing the company but his father has come along with him as his advocate.Cf. barrister) I won't be meeting my advocate again until just before the trial. He was an advocate of equal rights for women. rozpocznij naukę
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1. a general term for a lawyer, especially a defence lawyer 2. (SCOTS LAW) a lawyer who represents a client in court 3. someone who strongly and publicly supports or speaks in favour of someone or something, especially in favour of a particular public plan or action
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rozpocznij naukę
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person who initiates a civil lawsuit The plaintiff moved for summary judgment. The law allows the claimant to recover substantial damages from the defendant. The plaintiff proved her case in the District Court and thus became the respondent when the defendant appealed the matter to the Court of Appeal.
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Mr Justice Stephens is a judge with over two decades of Chancery Division experience. rozpocznij naukę
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public official who has the authority to hear and decide cases He was appointed chief judge. We were asked to rise when the presiding judge arrived. I am a district court judge. The senior judge delivered the opinion. The case was referred to a magistrate judge.
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The prosecution had hoped the expert witness would explain the behaviour of the accused's mother during her five days in court. rozpocznij naukę
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a person holding the expertise necessary to be qualified as an expert for the purpose of assisting the trier of fact with relevant technical information He has testified as an expert witness in over 500 cases. They have an archive of trial transcripts of expert witness testimony. She has served as an expert witness on environmental litigation. The professor testified as an expert witness in the matter.
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Lawyers representing the appellant have now lodged papers appealing against both convictions with the Court of Appeal. rozpocznij naukę
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party taking an appeal to another court or jurisdiction The appeal was argued by Bill Smith QC for the appellant Mr. White. The appellant challenged a specific provision of the Act that prevented it from providing service. The Court of Appeal allowed an appeal by the appellant. In the first case, the appellant was a serving police officer who was charged with obtaining property by deception. Decision: the appellant submitted that a community service order was inappropriate in the circumstances, and that the order which was made was excessive.
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In an affidavit presented at the hearing, the auditor calculated that Hammersmith could lose £74m rozpocznij naukę
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a written statement that you swear is true, and which can be used as evidence in court The plaintiff's attorney filed the employee's affidavit with the court. She was required to swear an affidavit. The affidavit states that the defendant was in the restaurant at the time of the murder. The affidavit must contain the witness's name and address.
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The defendant's answer failed to set forth the denial to each allegation made in the complaint. rozpocznij naukę
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something that you say as a reply to a question that you have been asked or an allegation (=a statement that has not (yet) been proven to be true) that has been made against you Clearly, the jury did not believe the defendant's answer to the question. We are awaiting an answer from the company as to whether they want to proceed in the matter. Cohen also filed an answer to the second amended complaint. The defendant's answer is dated 31 days after service. The associate was assigned to draft the answer to the complaint. The judge, annoyed at the witness' evasions, told him to give a straight answer to the question.
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His solicitor went through the brief with his barrister before the trial. 2. We'll get you the best brief money can buy. rozpocznij naukę
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1. a document or set of documents containing arguments or details about a court case 2. (UK SLANG) a barrister (=an English lawyer who represents clients in court, instructed by a solicitor) I filed a brief with the Court today. The Governor recently filed a friend-of-the-court brief asking the Court to strike down the law. The law firm filed an amicus (= friend of the court) brief with the US Supreme Court. XYZ Corp began its appellate brief by arguing that appellee's evidence in the case was irrelevant.
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She filed her complaint with the District Court. rozpocznij naukę
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the document submitted to the court by a claimant to start a civil legal action A complaint was filed against the defendant. The complaint alleges that the defendant committed an assault. The motion to dismiss the complaint was denied. The plaintiff amended his complaint.
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The court has issued a permanent injunction preventing campaigners from disrupting work on the site. rozpocznij naukę
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a court order preventing a person from doing something, ordering a person to stop doing something or ordering a person to carry out some action The injunction was granted against the defendant. The city obtained an injunction yesterday. The company sought an injunction to postpone the launch of the product. The court issued an injunction preventing him from being a director of a public company for five years.
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1. The motion to dismiss the action was scheduled to be heard on Tuesday morning. 2. A motion was made to adjourn the meeting. rozpocznij naukę
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1. an application made to a court or judge in relation to a particular issue during a lawsuit to order the other party to do something or to not do something 2. the formal manner in which a shareholder of a company or a member of an organization submits a proposal for action by the organization Defendant made a motion to amend the complaint. The motion was granted. 'Motion denied!' Another shareholder seconded the motion.
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1. Swedish legislation allows companies to serve notice of meetings electronically. 2. "Didn't you see the notice?" 3. He took no notice of me. rozpocznij naukę
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1. formal information or a warning about something that is going to happen 2. a formal written or printed statement that gives information or a warning to people 3. when you give or pay attention to someone or something The deadline for filing notices of appeal is set forth in the court rules. A timely notice of motion to claim attorney fees shall be submitted. He was presumed to know about the sale although he never received actual notice. to give notice notice is required. public notice. advance notice until further notice hand in (your) notice give (your) notice without notice. sufficient/reasonable notice. fourteen days' notice notice of
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That issue was not raised in the pleadings and cannot now be argued in court. rozpocznij naukę
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a document submitted to the court by each party to a lawsuit giving notice of what they will argue during the trial The judge dismissed the case based solely on the pleadings. The amended pleading was served on the defendant. In this case, the pleadings consist of the complaint, the answer, a counterclaim and the reply to the counterclaim.
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1. The writ alleges more than £1m was claimed for bogus work allegedly carried out over the six years. 2. A landlord who prevails in an eviction suit is entitled to a writ of possession. rozpocznij naukę
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1. a legal document that tells a person about a lawsuit that has been filed against them, including details of the claim and when and where the case will be held 2. an official document that tells someone to do something or to stop doing something (eg: injunction) The high court granted his petition for writ of certiorari (=permission to appeal). The defendant may file multiple writs. They may seek several types of writs from appeals court judges. Most writs require advanced legal knowledge. The court adjudicates writs more quickly than regular appeals. The court will dismiss those writs immediately. writ of habeas corpus. writ of mandamus.
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draft a document = draw up Senator Smith drafted the new Electronic Signatures Act. rozpocznij naukę
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to write a document, especially a legal document The bill (=proposed law not yet passed) was drafted by a Member of Parliament. The law firm drafted the contract in accordance with the client's wishes. The email was first drafted by an associate before being reviewed by a partner.
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The Department of Health issued the guidelines after a legal case by the Family Planning Association. rozpocznij naukę
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to produce something official, such as an important document or statement
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file a document with an authority rozpocznij naukę
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to give or send a legal document or other official paper to an authority or other organisation to be kept on record Claimant filed the lawsuit. The first to file chooses the forum. The papers were filed with the clerk.
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serve a document on someone (or to serve someone with a document) His lawyers have served a writ for £500,000 in damages against the newspaper. rozpocznij naukę
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to give a legal document to someone telling them that they must go to court or obey a court order The other party did not serve him with an expert report. You must know where to serve that summons. A party may serve upon another party a demand for payment. File a certificate of actual readiness with the court and serve a copy on the defendant's attorney. Based upon their failure to serve properly their case was dismissed. The defendant was served by certified mail. The demand was improperly served.
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rozpocznij naukę
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1. to suggest something, often to another person who will then make a decision 2. to allow another person, group or institution to have authority over you; to accept something without really wanting it 3. to suggest or argue something in a legal action The budget was submitted for approval. The lawmakers were requested to submit proposals. You can submit a complaint to the court. Pakistani police have submitted a report on a private drug rehabilitation 'prison' to the Supreme Court.
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Until now, international tribunals have been established on an ad hoc basis. rozpocznij naukę
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arranged, set up or done for a particular purpose, situation or case, often with little or no planning or preparation The panel will meet on an ad hoc basis as required. The funding and services have developed ad hoc. The committee was formed ad hoc to deal with the issue. Government attempts to reform the UK constitution risk failure if they are ad hoc and piecemeal.
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To bolster her case she relied on Bob Smith et al v. Giganticus Ins. et al. rozpocznij naukę
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and others (an abbreviation of the less common et alii) I am not a big modern/contemporary fan i. e Nigel Osborne, Maxwell Davies et al. nThe data reported by Smith et al was not reliable Let's make it safer before we tell students et al to come and live here.
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This will affect people claiming Employment and Support Allowance, Incapacity Benefit, etc. rozpocznij naukę
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and other things of the same kind, used at the end of a list to avoid giving a complete list of all items included
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rozpocznij naukę
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An abbreviation for exempli gratia [Latin, for the sake of an example]. The phrase e.g. is frequently used in law books in lieu of the phrase "for example."
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rozpocznij naukę
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"That is (to say)" in the sense of "that means" and "which means", or "in other words", or sometimes "in this case", depending on the context; may be followed by a comma, or not, depending on style (American English and British English respectively).[1] It is often misinterpreted as "in example". In this situation, e.g. should be used instead. There should be a period (.) after both letters, since it is an abbreviation of two words.[2]
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1. He will likely be charged with the per se offense of driving while intoxicated, or an equivalent per se offense. 2. The mere threat of action does not per se constitute duress (=unlawful pressure). rozpocznij naukę
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1. as a matter of law 2. used to say that something is not being considered in relation to anything else The claim is valid per se. Referring to another company's product is not an infringement per se.
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rozpocznij naukę
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thus (used after a word to indicate the original. usually incorrect. spelling or grammar in a text)
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rozpocznij naukę
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against (versus is abbreviated to V: in case citations, but to 'vs." in all other instances)
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Although the school was said to be open to all qualified students, it still practiced de facto segregation. rozpocznij naukę
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something that is true although it may not have been intended, legal or officially accepted
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An alien, ipso facto, has no right to a U.S. passport. rozpocznij naukę
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That claim was based on, inter alia, an advance of $130,000 made by the plaintiff to the defendant in September 2007. rozpocznij naukę
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The contract provides, inter alia, that the parties will keep the details of their relationship confidential. The parties agreed, inter alia, to reduce unnecessary expenditures.
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rozpocznij naukę
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The company's projected balance sheet, based solely on analysis and assumptions, is merely a pro forma document to be replaced shortly by the actual balance sheet. rozpocznij naukę
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as a matter of form; a term applied to documents that need to be completed as a formality or to practices that are done as a formality A copy of the Company's pro forma balance sheet as of January 31, 1998 is attached The law firm had a number of pro forma agreements for this type of thing. Net profits more than doubled to $320m on a pro forma basis. A pro forma invoice may be sent before goods are delivered.
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Scotland has seventy-two Members of Parliament; pro rata with England it should have only fifty-eight. rozpocznij naukę
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in proportion or proportional, e.g. in proportion to their ownership of stock If he quits earlier, he gets a pro rata portion of the bonus. The bank's shareholders received a pro rata interest in the stock. On a pro rata basis, we have more people in prison than any other country. Income is distributed pro rata to the total debt owed.
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There must be a quorum of 6 members to hold a monthly meeting. rozpocznij naukę
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the number of people that must be present at a meeting before it can officially begin and before it can make any official decisions The meeting could not be held because we did not have a quorum. There were not enough members present to constitute a quorum. The chairperson established that a quorum was present and called the meeting to order at. 9:05 a.m. There are enough shareholders present to make up a quorum.
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rozpocznij naukę
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of one's own right able to exercise one's own legal rights 2. of age (=no longer subject to parental authority); legal competence; the capacity of a person to manage his or her own affairs
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The transactions were declared unlawful because they were ultra vires - beyond the council's legal powers. rozpocznij naukę
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used to describe an action that goes beyond a person or business entity's legal power or authority By abusing its power, it acts in an ultra vires manner. The doctrine of ultra vires has been held directly applicable. Many types of illegality render a decision ultra vires.
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The court overruled the objection on the ground that Benson’s statement was not introduced to establish the truth of its contents (viz., that the gun belonged to Furr). rozpocznij naukę
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namely; as follows; that is to say; that is; in other words (used to introduce an explanation of what has just been written)
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rozpocznij naukę
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Latin Legum Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Laws) bachelor degree in law
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His barrister entered no plea to a drink-driving allegation. rozpocznij naukę
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(UK & COMMONWEALTH) a lawyer that is allowed to plead for a client in the lower and higher courts (NB a solicitor is only allowed to plead for a client in the lower courts, although it is far more common for a barrister to plead and for a solicitor to instruct the barrister)
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Barristers are debating whether to admit solicitors into their historic Inns of Court. rozpocznij naukę
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The four legal societies in London that control admission to the English bar. Every barrister in England and Wales (and those judges who were formerly barristers) must belong to one of these four professional associations.
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The Bar Vocational Course (usually termed the BVC) is a graduate course that is completed by those wishing to be called to the Bar, i.e. to practise as a barrister in England and Wales. The ten institutes that run the BVC along with the four Inns of Court are often collectively referred to as 'Bar School'. This vocational stage is the second of the three stages of legal education, the first being the academic stage and the third being the practical stage, i.e. pupillage. No person can practise a
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rozpocznij naukę
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The Call to the Bar is a legal term of art in most common law jurisdictions. Like many other common law terms, it originated in England in the Middle Ages, and the call to the Bar refers to the royal summons issued to one found fit to serve at the 'bar' of the royal courts, at the monarch's pleasure. Such jurisdictions distinguish two types of lawyers:
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You will be appointed as a crown prosecutor upon successful completion of pupillage. rozpocznij naukę
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the final stage of training to be a barrister in the UK and some Commonwealth countries
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When people are taken into custody they are asked immediately if they want a solicitor. rozpocznij naukę
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(UK and Commonwealth) a qualified lawyer who works at a law firm and who generally deals with non-contentious work or preparing cases for hearings, but who cannot appear as an advocate in the higher courts
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Legal Practice Course (LPC); rozpocznij naukę
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also known as the Postgraduate Diploma in Legal Practice – is the vocational stage for becoming a solicitor in England and Wales
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In the United Kingdom, Australia, Hong Kong and certain other English common law jurisdictions, a trainee solicitor is a prospective lawyer undergoing professional training at a law firm to qualify as a fully-fledged solicitor. This period of training is known as a training contract and usually lasts for two years. The barrister's equivalent would be twelve months' pupillage under a pupilmaster, in barristers' chambers.
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rozpocznij naukę
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The degree awarded to an individual upon the successful completion of law school.n. the law degree granted upon graduation by many university law schools with accepted high standards of admission and grading. This often supersedes the Bachelor of Laws in recognition that the law curriculum entitles a person to a graduate degree.
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A written test that an individual must pass before becoming licensed to practice law as an attorney.
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Mike is an associate lawyer with a well-known firm. rozpocznij naukę
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a lower-level lawyer working for a law firm Many law firms are scaling down their summer associate programs. New associates are assigned to a practice group, based on the firm's needs and the associate's preferences. The firm cut associate salaries by 10 percent. Many associates join the firm without much experience. The associate found the work chalenging.
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She joined the Solt & Partners Law Office in 1999 and became full partner in 2001. rozpocznij naukę
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a partner that has a share in the firm They have been talking about making me a full partner. Joe Smith became a full partner in 2007. Once you become a full partner at the firm, you pay your own benefits. The firm should cleary explain what it means to be a full partner.
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Paralegal (US) legal assistant She's a paralegal and works for a firm of solicitors in Swansea. rozpocznij naukę
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a non-lawyer who help lawyers in their legal work, often with some form of specialised legal training; an employee of a law firm who assists lawyers with various tasks but is often not qualified as a lawyer The duties of paralegals who work in the public sector usually vary by agency. She studied for 2 years before becoming a certified paralegal. As a paralegal he does most of his work in the office and law library. The former paralegal became a lawyer at the firm. She worked part-time as a paralegal. He took a paralegal course through the mail. Paralegals are generally not qualified to give advice, their role should be restricted to providing support to qualified lawyers.
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He was recently appointed as salaried partner. rozpocznij naukę
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a partner who does not have a share in the firm A salaried partner does not receive the same benefits as an equity partner. They are entitled to compensation under the salaried partner agreement.
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the St George’s Day procession was headed by the mayor rozpocznij naukę
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be in the leading position on, be in charge of: an organizational unit headed by a line manager she headed up the Jubilee Year programme
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The clerk assisted the judge by looking up related precedents. Her breathing was assisted by a respirator. rozpocznij naukę
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To give help or support to, especially as a subordinate or supplement; aid
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o direct or control the use of; handle: manage a complex machine tool. 2. a. To exert control over: "Managing the news ... is the oldest game in town" (James Reston). "A major crisis to be managed loomed on the horizon" (Time). b. To make submissive to one's authority, discipline, or persuasion. 3. To direct the affairs or interests of: manage a company; an agency that manages performers. See Synonyms at conduct. 4. To succeed in accomplishing or achieving, especially with difficulty; contrive
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They can be held legally responsible for damages arising from defective products. rozpocznij naukę
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to be responsible for someone, something or doing something to be in charge of and to have authority over someone or something and to be liable or accountable for that person or thing Prosecutions for those responsible for human trafficking have increased dramatically. If no other parent is living or responsible for the children, the court may appoint a guardian.
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I'll report back at the end of the meeting. rozpocznij naukę
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to describe something that has happened, either in words or in writing We have been reporting on the trial. The journalist reported from the scene of the crime. She recently reported to jail. He continued to report to the same supervisor. Some cash businesses fail to report all of their sales. His case is unusual because his criminal record was widely reported in the media.
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solo practice (conducted by a sole practitioner He entered into solo practice after law school. rozpocznij naukę
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a legal practice owned and operated by one lawyer It is difficult to build a solo practice. I am planning on opening a solo practice. Starting a solo practice is always a risk.
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With 30 offices in 21 countries, Clifford Chance is a truly global firm. rozpocznij naukę
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law firm having offices and representing clients throughout the world In the past few years the firm has gone from a regional firm of 700 lawyers to a global firm with nearly half its lawyers outside the country. She is an experienced attorney who has spent three years at a large global firm. It is the first global firm owned by minority women.
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The Chief Executive Officer is responsible to the board of directors. rozpocznij naukę
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to be responsible to someone or something if you are responsible to someone or something then that person or thing is in charge of you or has the right to question or control your actions in some way You are responsible to your superior for making sure this happens.
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