DICK - wredny pan na gramatykę

The part of grammar that represents a speaker's knowlege of constructing phrases and sentences out of morphemes and words is

SYNTAX

WORD ORDER is in other words

STRUCTURE

every sentence is a sequence of word but

not every sequence of words is a sentence

conform to the rules of syntax. there are

well formed (grammatical) sequences of words

grammaticality is based on

the fact: to be a sentence, wors must conform to specific patterns determined by syntactic rules of the language

grammaticality is not based on

whether the sentence is meaningful or not

within a phrase, certain words are grouped together, structure in a sentence is the same but meaning can be different. it is called

ambiguity (double meaning)

there are two types of ambiguity

structural (form) and lexical (meaning of words)

the syntactic rules must account for

1. the grammaticality of the sentence 2. word order 3. structural ambiguity 4. grammatical relations 5. whether different structures have different meanings 6. the creative aspects of language

constituent structure

in every sentence, composed of constituents

constituent is

certain grouping of words, hierarchically arranged parts

a syntactic category

a family of expressions that can substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality

diagram (tree) is called

phrase structure tree

branches of trees are called

syntactic labels

sentence is both

1) linear string of words 2) hierarchical structure with phrases nested in phrase

lexical categories are

the lowest level of the consituent structure tree

what does every higher node with lower node? (node - branch of tree)

dominates!

NP is called

Noun Phrase, phrasal category

N is called

Noun, lexical category

lexicon

the total inventory of morphemes in a given language, vocabulary, knowledge of thousands of words and how to combine them

transitive verb (e.g. find)

must be followed by an object!

transformational rule

transforms syntactic structure. deletion, inserion an movement are instances of this rule

deep structure

underlying meaning

surface structure

different form but the same meaning: I killed him. He was killed by me.

long-distance relationship:

1. subject-verb agreement (s in 3rd person singular) 2. wh sentences 3. passive voice

topicalization is

moving the direct object to the beginning of the sentence